Corrections and updates

1. What counts as a correction

A correction means a figure, a threshold, a dose or a medical statement that was wrong or overtaken by the guidelines. These go into the log below.

Typing slips, clumsy wording, style adjustments and translation fixes are made without a record, because they do not change what the reader learns about the disease.

2. What happens after the check

The text is corrected in Romanian and in all 13 translations, on the same day. The page's last-reviewed date changes, and the bibliography is extended if the source is new.

The correction then goes into the log, with the date, the page, the old wording, the new wording and the source. The log starts on September 6, 2026, together with the series of internal audits of the site. Changes made before that date are not recorded.

3. Artificial intelligence audits

At least once every three months, an artificial intelligence model rereads the site and flags possible medical problems. The author checks each flag against the primary source and decides alone what changes. The rules are described in the editorial policy.

Last audit of the whole site: October 9, 2026.

• September 5, 2026 — What was checked: patient safety (insulin doses, thresholds, sick days) and figures that differ from one page to another. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: in the log, from September 6, 2026.
• October 2, 2026 — What was checked: all pages. The benchmark was the 2026 consensus report of the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) on type 1 diabetes. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: in the log, from October 3, 2026.
• October 5, 2026 — What was checked: the same medical information across pages and languages. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: in the log, from October 5, 2026.
• October 9, 2026 — What was checked: the medical content of all Romanian pages (figures, thresholds, doses, and citations). Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: in the log, from October 12, 2026.
• October 15, 2026 — What was checked: the hypoglycemia pages, against the 2026 ADA compendium on hypoglycemia. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: in the log, from October 17, 2026.

Each translated language also has a full audit at least once every three months, with a separate deadline for each language. An artificial intelligence model reads all the translated pages against the Romanian original and flags wrong meanings, terminology and unnatural wording. The rules are described in the editorial policy.

• October 17, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: English. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied the same day. Deadline for the next audit: January 17, 2027.
• October 17, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Français. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied the same day. Deadline for the next audit: January 17, 2027.
• October 19, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Français. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 19, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Español. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Português. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Italiano. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: العربية. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Deutsch. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Ελληνικά. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Hrvatski. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Magyar. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Bahasa Indonesia. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Polski. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 21, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Türkçe. Model and version: Claude (Anthropic), version not recorded. Corrections: applied on October 21 and 22, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 21, 2027.
• October 25, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: English. Model and version: Claude Opus 5.5 (Anthropic), claude-opus-5-5. Corrections: applied on October 25 and 26, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 25, 2027.
• October 25, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Español. Model and version: Claude Opus 5.5 (Anthropic), claude-opus-5-5. Corrections: applied on October 26, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 25, 2027.
• October 25, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Français. Model and version: Claude Opus 5.5 (Anthropic), claude-opus-5-5. Corrections: applied on October 26, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 25, 2027.
• October 25, 2026 — What was checked: all translated pages, against the Romanian original. Language: Deutsch. Model and version: Claude Opus 5.5 (Anthropic), claude-opus-5-5. Corrections: applied on October 26, 2026. Deadline for the next audit: January 25, 2027.

4. The corrections log

Each entry shows the date, the page, what the text used to say and what it says now. Pages are given by their short address. The guidelines cited belong mainly to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD).

• September 6, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: corrections with rapid insulin could be repeated hourly at glucose above 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L). Now: the interval stays at 2–4 hours even at high glucose, following the sick-day protocol agreed with the medical team. Source: Internal patient-safety audit, September 5, 2026.
• September 6, 2026 · t1dm/schemes — Before: for a missed mealtime insulin dose the full dose was recommended, with no condition. Now: the full dose can be taken only if you remember within the first hour, following the protocol agreed with the medical team. Source: Internal patient-safety audit, September 5, 2026.
• September 6, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: ketones were checked at glucose above 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L). Now: the checking threshold is 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L). Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• September 6, 2026 · 8 pages with the sick-day protocol — Before: the emergency ketone threshold was missing. Now: between 1.5 and 2.9 mmol/L the medical team is contacted immediately, and at 3.0 mmol/L or above the emergency room is the place to go. Source: Glaser N et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23:835-856 (PMID 36250645).
• September 6, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: the definition of the alcohol unit mixed two systems of measurement. Now: a single definition, used throughout the page. Source: Internal consistency audit, September 5, 2026.
• September 6, 2026 · five pairs of pages — Before: the same information appeared with two different figures on different pages: the duration of hypoglycemia risk after alcohol, retesting after gestational diabetes, the proportion of remaining beta cells at diagnosis, the amount of juice for treating hypoglycemia and the ketone threshold. Now: the same figure on every page, in all 14 languages. Source: Internal consistency audit, September 5, 2026.
• September 6, 2026 · t1dm/isf, t1dm/sports, t1dm/regime, t1dm/schemes, t1dm/icr — Before: 21 sentences said in the imperative how much to change your dose, ratio or factor. Now: the same sentences describe usual practice and send the decision to the medical team. No figure changed. Source: Internal patient-safety audit, September 5, 2026.
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: "Aim for a starting glucose of 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) for aerobic exercise." Now: "Aim for a starting glucose of 126–180 mg/dL (7–10 mmol/L) for aerobic exercise." Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: "Postpone exercise until the ketones disappear completely and glucose reaches 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L)." Now: "Postpone exercise until ketones are negative (under 0.6 mmol/L) and glucose falls under 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L)." Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: "Most adults can use 6 mm needles without problems. If you are very thin or have very little subcutaneous tissue, you can try 4 mm needles (from children)." Now: "The 4 mm needle is the first choice for everyone, regardless of age, weight or the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue. The 6 mm needle remains acceptable if you use the technique described above." Source: Frid AH et al. (FITTER), Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:1231-1255 (PMID 27594187).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: "If you decide to reuse needles for economic reasons, limit it to a maximum of 3–4 uses and never more than 24 hours." Now: "If you reuse needles for economic reasons, keep in mind that the tip blunts from the very first use, and each following injection hurts more and traumatizes the tissue more. Do not use the same needle for more than 24 hours." Source: Frid AH et al. (FITTER), Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:1231-1255 (PMID 27594187).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: "Do not use anesthetic creams as they can affect absorption." Now: "Data on the effect of anesthetic creams on insulin absorption are limited, so talk with your medical team before using them routinely." Source: No guideline supports the ban, and FITTER 2016 does not contain it.
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: "Sodium bicarbonate is not given routinely (only at a pH below 7), because it is associated with a higher risk of cerebral edema." Now: "Sodium bicarbonate is not given routinely. It is considered only in severe acidosis with impaired cardiac contractility or in life-threatening hyperkalemia, because giving it is associated with a higher risk of cerebral edema in children." Source: Glaser N et al. (ISPAD), Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23:835-856 (PMID 36250645).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/support, t1dm/remission — Before: the sentence was missing. Now: "This is not a guideline target: ADA 2026 recommends 80–130 mg/dL (4.4–7.2 mmol/L) before meals and under 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) after meals." Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• September 7, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: "and depression also doubles diabetes risk. Interestingly, the onset of diabetes doubles the risk of subsequently developing depression (the effect appears to be bidirectional)." Now: "and depression raises diabetes risk by about 18%. The link runs both ways: the onset of diabetes raises the risk of later depression by about 24%." Source: Graham EA et al., J Affect Disord. 2020;265:224-232 (PMID 32090745). Nouwen A et al., Diabetologia. 2010;53:2480-2486 (PMID 20711716).
• September 7, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: the sentence was missing. Now: "The risk of developing depression is about 2.8 times higher in people with type 1 diabetes than in the general population, with wide differences between studies, which is why periodic screening for depression is recommended." Source: Desalegn D et al., J Autoimmun. 2026;158:103524 (PMID 41538974).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the rapid-acting analog lasted 4–5 hours, NPH (neutral protamine Hagedorn) 12–16 hours, and ultra-rapid insulins started 2–4 minutes earlier; the figure gave the onset as 5 minutes and the glossary as 10–20 minutes. Now: 3–5 hours, 12–18 hours and 13–14 minutes earlier; the onset is 5–15 minutes in the text, the figure and the glossary. Source: Heise T et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1789-1798 (PMID 32436641).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/perinatal — Before: a birth weight over 4 kg raised the risk by 17% (1.17 times), with 3–4% for every extra 500 g. Now: 10% (1.10 times) and 3% for every extra 500 g. Source: Cardwell CR et al., Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):641-651 (PMID 20063147).
• September 21, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: in twins, a 50% risk and 80% concordance; sugary drinks +25% per daily serving; processed meat +50% per 50 g; trans fats +40%; the Mediterranean or DASH diet −20–23%. Now: heritability of about 72%; sugary drinks +20% per 250 mL a day; processed meat +37% per 50 g a day; the trans-fat figure was removed because it had no source; optimal intake of protective foods −42%. Source: Willemsen G et al., Twin Res Hum Genet. 2015;18(6):762-771 (PMID 26678054). Schwingshackl L et al., Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):363-375 (PMID 28397016).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: after exercise, the bolus for the next meal was reduced by 20%. Now: by 50% (the overnight basal rate stays reduced by 20%). Source: Campbell MD et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2015;3(1):e000085 (PMID 26019878).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmune-diseases — Before: 20–30% of people with type 1 diabetes have at least one other autoimmune disease. Now: hypothyroidism, the most common association, affects about 10%. Source: Nederstigt C et al., Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(2):135-144 (PMID 30508413).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/what-is, t1dm/stress, t1dm/relapse — Before: symptoms appeared once 80–90% (or ≈90%) of beta cells were destroyed; the honeymoon phase occurred in ~60% of patients. Now: 60–90% on all three pages; the honeymoon phase in about 50%. Source: Alignment with the value on the site's other pages.
• September 21, 2026 · pumps/limitations, pumps/rapid-insulin, pumps/tubed-pump, pumps/tubeless-pump, t1dm/support — Before: the ketone ladder in the sick-day protocol started at 1.5 mmol/L; the lowest step was missing. Now: below 1.5 mmol/L, you hydrate, correct, and recheck after two hours. Source: Alignment with the value on the site's other pages.
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: an HbA1c below 7% in the first year preserves beta-cell function. Now: tighter glucose control did not stop the decline in C-peptide over the first two years. Source: Boughton CK et al. (CLOuD), N Engl J Med. 2022;387(10):882-893 (PMID 36069870).
• September 21, 2026 · pregnancy/base — Before: gestational diabetes affected 10–14% of pregnancies and recurred in 30–50% of women in the next pregnancy. Now: about 14% of pregnancies and a recurrence rate of 30–84%. Source: Wang H et al. (IDF Diabetes Atlas), Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109050 (PMID 34883186). Kim C et al., Diabetes Care. 2007;30(5):1314-1319 (PMID 17290037).
• September 21, 2026 · pumps/bolus-patch — Before: the bolus patch pump was worn for 4 days (96 hours). Now: 3 days (72 hours). Source: Dreon DM et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018;12(4):817-827 (PMID 29488399).
• September 21, 2026 · secondary/pancreatic — Before: after partial pancreatectomy, diabetes developed in 20–50% of patients. Now: 6–21%. Source: Wu L et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020;92(5):396-406 (PMID 32017157).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/autoantibodies, t1dm/distinction — Before: about 10% (on one page) and 5–10% (on the other) of people with type 1 diabetes have no autoantibodies at diagnosis. Now: 5–15% on both pages. Source: Patel SK et al., Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021;32(5):295-305 (PMID 33712367).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: in-hospital DKA mortality was ≈0.2%; after DKA, the risk of death was 13 times higher in the first year than in the general population; chronic kidney disease "triples" the risk. Now: ≈0.4%; after DKA, the long-term risk of death is about 8 times higher than in people with type 1 diabetes without DKA; chronic kidney disease multiplies the risk. Source: Desai D et al., Diabetes Care. 2018;41(8):1631-1638 (PMID 29773640). Budhram DR et al., Can J Diabetes. 2024;48(7):462-470.e3 (PMID 39069232). Groop PH et al. (FinnDiane), Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1651-1658 (PMID 19401416).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the ACCORD trial showed increased cardiovascular risk with very tight control. Now: the intensive-control arm was stopped early because of increased mortality. Source: ACCORD Study Group, N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-2559 (PMID 18539917).
• September 21, 2026 · t2dm/description — Before: the benefits of early intensive control persisted for 10–20 years; incidence in children had risen over the past two decades. Now: 24 years; three decades. Source: Adler AI et al. (UKPDS 91), Lancet. 2024;404(10448):145-155 (PMID 38772405). Xu ST et al., World J Pediatr. 2025;21(1):73-89 (PMID 39752048).
• September 21, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: the risk of death was "up to three times higher" than in people without diabetes, with no source; the hero showed 3×. Now: in a Swedish registry, the risk of death was about 3.5 times higher than in people of the same age and sex without diabetes, and more than twice as high even with an HbA1c of 6.9% or lower; the hero shows 3.5×. Source: Lind M et al., N Engl J Med. 2014;371(21):1972-1982 (PMID 25409370).
• October 3, 2026 · cgms/real-time — Before: the intermittently scanned sensor was presented as a current option, alongside the real-time sensor. Now: the intermittently scanned sensor has since been replaced by the real-time sensor. For type 1 diabetes, the right sensor is a real-time one, with alarms. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · cgms/data-transmission — Before: continuous transmission and intermittent scanning both remained accepted monitoring methods. Now: intermittent scanning has since been replaced by continuous transmission. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: a positive anti-GAD65, even at a modest titer, established the diagnosis of LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults). LADA was also called a subform of type 1 diabetes. Now: an isolated anti-GAD65 at a low titer also occurs in 1–2% of the general adult population and is interpreted with caution. LADA is part of the type 1 diabetes spectrum and has no universally accepted diagnostic criteria. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-unawareness — Before: the page did not say that sensors do not reduce the frequency of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Now: sensors reduce the number of hypoglycemic episodes, but in clinical trials they have not also reduced the frequency of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: automated insulin delivery systems significantly reduced the frequency of severe hypoglycemia. Now: they significantly reduce glycemic variability and the number of hypoglycemic episodes. A reduction in severe episodes has not been demonstrated for automated systems. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450). Bojoga I et al., Pediatr Rep. 2024;16(4):1188-1199 (PMID 39728741).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: pumps with predictive suspension and closed-loop systems had the same effect as sensors with alarms on severe hypoglycemia. Now: these pumps reduce hypoglycemia, but a reduction in severe episodes has not been demonstrated. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: rapid analog insulin peaked at one hour, and the full effect of a dose was visible after two hours. Now: the peak action is within the first two hours, and most of the effect of a dose is visible after two hours. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmunity — Before: teplizumab was the only treatment of this kind approved so far in the United States and delayed clinical onset by about two years. Now: teplizumab is approved in North America, Europe, China and other countries in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. A single 14-day course delays clinical onset by 2–3 years. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: clinical depression affected 20–40% of newly diagnosed people. Now: clinical depression affects about 22% of people with type 1 diabetes, compared with 13% of people without diabetes. The 20–40% range refers to diabetes distress. Source: Farooqi A et al., Prim Care Diabetes. 2022;16(1):1-10 (PMID 34810141). Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: fear of hypoglycemia affected about 30% of patients. Now: a screening questionnaire finds high fear in about 30% of adults with type 1 diabetes, while other data show up to 10%. Source: Peter ME et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2023;11(4):e003394 (PMID 37423638). Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/what-is — Before: type 1 diabetes represented 5–10% of diabetes cases and was associated with a normal or low BMI. Now: it represents 1–2% of diabetes cases worldwide and about 5% in Europe and North America. BMI at diagnosis is usually normal or low, but obesity is as common as in the general population. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the treatment standard was the combination of an ultra-rapid analog and a long-acting basal analog, and ultra-rapid analogs started acting 13–14 minutes earlier. Now: the standard is a rapid-acting or ultra-rapid analog at meals combined with a basal analog. Ultra-rapid analogs lower post-meal glucose more, but do not further reduce HbA1c or hypoglycemia. The 13–14 minutes were the time to half-maximal concentration in the blood, not the onset of action. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450). Heise T et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1789-1798 (PMID 32436641).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: closed-loop systems managed exercise-related fluctuations automatically, and post-exercise hypoglycemia could occur up to 12 hours later. Now: exercise must be announced to the automated system, with new rules for the glucose target, the meal bolus and carbohydrate before exercise. Post-exercise hypoglycemia can occur up to 24 hours later. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 3, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: the page did not mention autoimmune diseases among the causes of unexplained hypoglycemia, nor the long-term effect of severe hypoglycemia on the brain in adults. Now: an autoimmune thyroid or adrenal disease or undiagnosed celiac disease can cause unexplained hypoglycemia. In adults followed for 32 years, more episodes of severe hypoglycemia were associated with a greater decline in psychomotor speed and mental efficiency. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/schemes — Before: the use of a GLP-1 medicine in type 1 diabetes was presented as an off-label decision, not covered by the product label. Now: liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide are also approved for obesity. The obesity labeling does not exclude type 1 diabetes, so a doctor may recommend them for some people with type 1 diabetes and obesity. The page also gives the newer results: 8.8 kg of weight loss with semaglutide in people using an automated insulin system and 10.1% over 8 months with tirzepatide. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · pumps/natural-secretion — Before: the page said the liver lets half of the insulin reaching it pass through, a figure taken from a study in dogs. Now: the liver retains about 70% of the insulin that reaches it, and only the remainder travels on into the body. The study in dogs was removed from the references. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: the page said needles longer than 8 mm should be used by people with excess subcutaneous fat. It did not mention the doctor checking the injection areas. Now: needles longer than 8 mm are not needed even in people with extra weight, because their skin is not thicker. The doctor should look at and feel the injection areas at least once a year. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: retinopathy screening in adults was recommended five years after onset, through an eye examination with pupil dilation. Now: screening is done within the first five years after onset, through an eye examination or a photograph of the retina, for which pupil dilation is not always needed. The check is repeated every year, and after one or more normal examinations it can be done every 1–2 years. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: the page gave the frequency of ketoacidosis at onset only for children and adolescents. Now: in adults, ketoacidosis is the first sign of type 1 diabetes in 6–21% of those diagnosed. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: the page mentioned continuous ketone monitoring systems only in general terms. Now: the page states that there are sensors that continuously measure glucose and ketones at the same time, with a new source on this technology. Source: Hoss U et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2025;27(S4):S20-S24 (PMID 41267375).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/distinction — Before: the page did not say when MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) should be suspected, nor under which conditions C-peptide is measured. Now: a doctor thinks of MODY especially when diabetes appeared before age 35, HbA1c at diagnosis was below 7.5% or one parent has diabetes. Genetic testing is done only without autoantibodies and with C-peptide above 0.6 ng/mL. C-peptide is not measured within 12 hours after severe hypoglycemia or in end-stage kidney failure. It is measured together with glucose within 5 hours of a meal. A low value obtained with glucose below 72 mg/dL (4 mmol/L) or while fasting is repeated. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the page said most diabetes specialists prefer HbA1c testing every three months under any conditions. Now: if sensor data reach the doctor regularly, HbA1c can be tested even less often. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · calculators/cardiovascular-risk — Before: the page did not say that the PREVENT equations do not distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Now: for type 1 diabetes there are risk calculators built specifically, such as the Steno Type 1 Risk Engine and LIFE-T1D. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/carb-foods — Before: the page said alcohol can increase the risk of hypoglycemia a few hours later. Now: the risk of hypoglycemia can stay higher for up to 24 hours after the last drink. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 4, 2026 · t1dm/stages — Before: the page defined stage 2 only by blood glucose in the prediabetes range. Now: stage 2 can also be recognized by a rise in HbA1c of at least 10% from the previous value, confirmed on repeat testing over 6–12 months. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/stages — Before: the page gave a 5-year risk of about 30% with two autoantibodies and 45% with three. Now: with two or more autoantibodies and normal blood glucose, the risk is about 44% within 5 years and 70% within 10 years. Within 15 years it reaches about 85% with two autoantibodies and 92% with three. Source: Ziegler AG et al., JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473-2479 (PMID 23780460). Phillip M et al., Diabetologia. 2024;67(9):1731-1759 (PMID 38910151).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/spreading — Before: progression from stage 1 to stage 3 was estimated at about 30% at 5 years. Now: progression is estimated at about 44% at 5 years and 85% at 15 years. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 5, 2026 · pregnancy/base — Before: the conclusion still gave a recurrence of 30–50%, although the rest of the page had been corrected to 30–84%. Now: gestational diabetes recurs in the next pregnancy in about 4 in 10 women, with figures ranging from 30% to 84% across studies. Source: Getahun D et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(5):467.e1-6 (PMID 20630491). Kim C et al., Diabetes Care. 2007;30(5):1314-1319 (PMID 17290037).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: basal insulin accounted for about 50% of the daily insulin requirement. Now: basal insulin usually accounts for 30–50% of the daily insulin requirement. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178 (PMID 38078590).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: an adult's insulin requirement was given as 0.5–1.0 units/kg/day. Now: the requirement usually settles at 0.4–1.0 units/kg/day. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178 (PMID 38078590).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: after the honeymoon, the page gave a requirement of 0.7–1.0 units/kg/day. Now: after the honeymoon, the requirement is usually 0.4–1.0 units/kg/day, higher during adolescence. Source: Silver B et al., Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):449-492 (PMID 29508275).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia — Before: medical help was called only if the person did not respond within 15 minutes of glucagon. Now: medical help is called immediately after glucagon is given, and a second dose can be given after 15 minutes while waiting for help. Source: Gvoke and Baqsimi prescribing information (FDA), section 2.1.
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: the page said that, sometimes, with perfect glucose levels, insulin could be stopped in total remission. Now: stopping insulin is rare, temporary and decided only by the medical team, with close glucose monitoring. Source: Internal patient-safety audit, October 5, 2026.
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/stages, t1dm/weight, t1dm/spreading — Before: teplizumab was described as approved from age 8. Now: the pages no longer give a minimum age. The indication was extended in April 2026 (in the US, from age 1, in stage 2) and differs between countries. Source: Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, FDA, June 2026.
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: teplizumab would delay the loss of beta cell function by 2–3 years when given in the early stages. Now: in children aged 8–17 years who were recently diagnosed, teplizumab slows the decline in their own insulin production. Source: Ramos EL et al., N Engl J Med. 2023;389(23):2151-2161 (PROTECT, PMID 37861217).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/icr — Before: most people would need up to 50% more insulin at breakfast, and 30–50% less at lunch. Now: many people need more insulin at breakfast, and about half have the dawn phenomenon. Source: Hegab AM, Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(8):1087-1093 (PMID 31433557).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: in frail older people an HbA1c of up to 8–8.5% was accepted. Now: the target is chosen by health status, below 8% with coexisting illnesses, and no specific value in the very frail. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S277-S296 (PMID 41358888).
• October 5, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: type 2 diabetes screening was tied to age over 45. The HbA1c target for onset after 75 was 7.5–8%. Now: screening is done in all adults from age 35 and at any age with overweight and a risk factor. The HbA1c target in older people is chosen by health status. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S277-S296 (PMID 41358888).
• October 5, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: after gestational diabetes the risk reached 50% over the long term, and prediabetes progressed at 10% per year. Each extra kg raised the risk by 5%, and incidence doubled with each decade. Now: after gestational diabetes the risk is almost 10 times higher, and prediabetes progresses at 5–10% per year. The per-kg and per-decade figures were removed because they had no source. Natural fruit juices are now separate from sugary drinks and raise the risk by about 7% per daily serving. Source: Vounzoulaki E et al., BMJ 2020 (PMID 32404325), Tabák AG et al., Lancet 2012 (PMID 22683128) and Imamura F et al., BMJ 2015 (PMID 26199070).
• October 5, 2026 · cgms/measurement-principle — Before: most sensors worked for between 7 and 15 days, "recently even 21 days." Now: the page says between 7 and 15 days. The 21 days came from a study in which the sensor was deliberately worn until it failed, not from an approved system. Source: Bhargava A et al., Diabetes Ther. 2025;16(9):1861-1870 (PMID 40705275).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-symptoms — Before: the figure called any glucose from 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) upward "the usual zone between meals." Now: the note says that 60 to 69 mg/dL (3.3–3.8 mmol/L) is already level 1 hypoglycemia, which is treated even without signs. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 5, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the long-acting analog "lasts at least 24 hours," and degludec "up to 42 hours." Now: the long-acting analog lasts about 24 hours, and degludec more than 42 hours, because 42 hours is the minimum measured. Source: Owens DR et al., Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(4):330-340 (PMID 30496834).
• October 5, 2026 · t2dm/description, t1dm/distinction — Before: initial treatment of type 2 diabetes was described as "lifestyle changes and oral medications." Now: medications are chosen according to coexisting conditions and can be tablets or injections, such as metformin or GLP-1 receptor agonists. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 5, 2026 · cgms/implantable-principle — Before: the page said only that paracetamol and vitamin C do not affect the implantable sensor's readings. Now: it adds that tetracycline and mannitol can distort them. Source: Lorenz C et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(5):344-352 (PMID 29600877).
• October 6, 2026 · t2dm/description — Before: residual insulin production was shown by a C-peptide above 1 ng/mL. Now: residual production is shown by a C-peptide above 0.6 ng/mL (0.2 nmol/L). Source: Lin YY et al., Diabet Med. 2025;42(3):e15469 (PMID 39797595).
• October 7, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: "Postpone exercise until ketones are negative (under 0.6 mmol/L) and glucose falls under 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L)." Now: "Postpone exercise until ketones are negative (under 0.6 mmol/L). Intense exercise is also postponed when glucose is 350 mg/dL (19.4 mmol/L) or higher." Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S297-S320 (PMID 41358890).
• October 7, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: ketones were checked at glucose above 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L). Now: the checking threshold is 270 mg/dL (15 mmol/L). Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 9, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the page said that glucose from the last month makes up 50% of HbA1c and glucose from three months ago 10%. It also said that red blood cells "generally live for three months." Now: HbA1c is described as a weighted average in which glucose from recent weeks counts more. The percentages were removed because no verified source contains them. Red blood cells live for about 120 days, but HbA1c reflects the last 2–3 months. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: when corrections kept failing, the sensitivity factor was temporarily increased. Now: the factor is temporarily decreased, so that each correction delivers more insulin, after talking to your doctor. Source: Davidson PC et al., Endocr Pract. 2008;14(9):1095-1101 (PMID 19158048).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/schemes — Before: a missed dose of insulin glargine was taken only within 12 hours; otherwise it was skipped until the next day. Now: the missed dose can be taken as soon as you remember or, alternatively, several doses of rapid-acting insulin are taken until the usual time. Ketones are checked at any glucose above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Source: Silver B et al., Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):449-492 (PMID 29508275) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/remission, t1dm/evolution — Before: the honeymoon began 1–2 weeks after diagnosis and sometimes allowed insulin to be stopped completely. Now: remission generally begins 1–2 weeks, and at the latest two months, after diagnosis, and insulin is stopped only if the doctor decides to. Source: Abdul-Rasoul M et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7(2):101-107 (PMID 16629716).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/foods-to-treat-hypoglycemia — Before: yogurt, cheese, ham and milk were recommended for the snack after treating a low. Now: the snack contains slowly absorbed carbohydrate, such as bread, milk or a piece of fruit. Cheese and ham do not prevent glucose from dropping again. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534) and Paterson MA et al., Diabet Med. 2019;36(12):1585-1599 (PMID 31454430).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/after-hypoglycemia, t1dm/treating-hypoglycemia, t1dm/hypoglycemia-symptoms — Before: before driving, people waited 45 minutes after treating a low, and at least an hour on the symptoms page. Now: all three pages say to wait at least 45 minutes after the measured glucose is back to normal, and not to start driving below 90 mg/dL (5.0 mmol/L). Source: Graveling AJ et al., Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;1:8 (PMID 28702227) and Trawley S et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022;24(5):350-356 (PMID 35156852).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: friends were told to call for help only if you lost consciousness. Now: if you cannot swallow, do not respond or have a seizure, they give you nothing by mouth, give you the glucagon and call emergency services immediately. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16. Online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 12, 2026 · cgms/monitoring — Before: after the low-glucose alarm, the repeat 15 g of carbohydrate was missing. The sentence about vomiting and drowsiness could be read as advice for a low. Now: if glucose is still below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) after 15 minutes, another 15 g is taken. In severe hypoglycemia the people around give glucagon and call emergency services, and the emergency room is for high glucose with vomiting or difficulty breathing. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: 15 g of carbohydrate per hour was recommended for unplanned exercise. Now: 15–20 g per hour may be enough only if the insulin dose was reduced in advance. Without that reduction, up to 60 g per hour may be needed. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/stages, t1dm/testing — Before: in stage 1 the follow-up intervals for a single autoantibody were used, including once every 3 years in adults. Now: in stage 1, HbA1c and glucose are checked every 3 months under age 3, every 6 months from 3 to 9, and yearly after 9 and in adults. In stage 2, check-ups are every 3 months in children and every 6 months in adults. Each testing schedule is now assigned to the right group. Source: Haller MJ et al., Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):529-545 (PMID 39662065) and Phillip M et al., Diabetologia. 2024;67(9):1731-1759 (PMID 38910151).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/criteria — Before: the autoimmune origin was confirmed only by at least two autoantibodies. Now: in clinically manifest diabetes a single autoantibody is enough, and a titer close to the upper limit of normal is retested after 3 months. Source: Evans-Molina C et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(Suppl 6):57-68 (PMID 40230204).
• October 12, 2026 · calculators/phq-9 — Before: the text advised you to talk to someone if you checked anything on the last question. Now: any answer other than "Not at all" to the question about thoughts of death or self-harm calls for talking to your doctor or someone close that same day. For immediate danger, call the emergency number. Source: Kroenke K et al., J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-613 (PMID 11556941).
• October 12, 2026 · calculators/blood-pressure — Before: the page said only that a single reading does not make a diagnosis, however high the number is. Now: above 180/120 mmHg with chest pain, shortness of breath or neurological signs, call emergency services; without these signs, repeat the measurement and contact your doctor. The calculator shows the same message. Source: Jones DW et al., Hypertension. 2025;82(10):e212-e316 (PMID 40811516).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-symptoms — Before: the thresholds of 60 and 50 mg/dL (3.3 and 2.8 mmol/L) were attributed to sources that do not contain them. Now: the thresholds have their own source, a study in people without diabetes, and for treatment the level that counts is 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L). Source: Mitrakou A et al., Am J Physiol. 1991;260(1 Pt 1):E67-E74 (PMID 1987794).
• October 12, 2026 · t1dm/stages, t1dm/spreading, t1dm/autoimmunity, t1dm/support, t1dm/testing — Before: the teplizumab pages did not mention any risk of the treatment. Now: they state that it is given by infusion under medical supervision and that it can temporarily lower lymphocytes and reactivate some viruses, rarely severely. Source: Dias RP et al., Diabet Med. 2026;43(7):e70329 (PMID 42051156) and Klemann C et al., Diabetes Care. 2026;49(10):1790-1794 (PMID 42520060).
• October 12, 2026 · pumps/bolus-patch — Before: the bolus patch was worn for 3 days, following the correction of September 21, 2026, and released two units with each click. Now: it is worn for up to 7 days, under the FDA clearance of April 2026, and a cleared version releases one unit with each click. The September 21 correction had relied on 2018 papers about the old version. Source: U.S. FDA, 510(k) K252757 and K243273.
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/onset — Before: the page said that children with a family history of type 1 diabetes have an even higher risk of severe onset. Now: children who already have a family member with type 1 diabetes present with ketoacidosis at onset less often. Source: Usher-Smith JA et al., BMJ. 2011;343:d4092 (PMID 21737470).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/autoantibodies — Before: GADA was presented as the autoantibody that persists longest after diagnosis, and IA-2A as one that falls quickly. Now: GADA and IA-2A persist longest, while ZnT8A falls faster, especially in the first 5 years. Source: Williams CL et al., Clin Exp Immunol. 2022;210(2):151-162 (PMID 36181724).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmunity — Before: the page said the autoimmune process cannot be stopped "for now, outside clinical trials." Now: it cannot be stopped permanently, but an approved treatment, teplizumab, can slow it down. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16. Online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmune-diseases — Before: onset of type 1 diabetes at an older age was presented as a risk factor for an additional autoimmune disease. Now: onset in early childhood is linked mainly with celiac disease, and later onset with thyroid disease. Source: Samuelsson J et al., Diabetologia. 2024;67(4):679-689 (PMID 38252314).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/what-is — Before: in type 2 diabetes, initial treatment included oral medications, with insulin sometimes needed in more advanced stages. In young people, diabetes appeared after "even less" than 60–90% of beta cells had been destroyed. Now: treatment starts with medications chosen according to coexisting conditions, tablets or injections, and insulin may be needed right from diagnosis if blood glucose is very high. The remark about young people was removed. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/confirming-hypoglycemia — Before: for an unconscious patient, "help is called," and the conclusion said compression hypoglycemia needs no treatment. Now: emergency services are called immediately, and a low value at night is checked with the meter before it is treated as false. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: cerebral edema was explained by too rapid a fall in blood glucose and osmolality. Ketoacidosis at onset was given as 60–80% in low- and middle-income countries. Now: the cause is not fully understood, and reduced blood flow to the brain and inflammation appear to play an important role. The frequency at onset varies between countries from about 13% to 80%. Source: Siddiqui EU et al., Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2025;30(5):242-249 (PMID 41207289) and Niechciał E et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2025;2025:8927409 (PMID 40741228).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/distinction — Before: for the same age at onset, cardiovascular risk and the impact on longevity were presented as greater in type 2 diabetes. The cited source did not make this comparison. Now: with onset between 15 and 30 years of age, type 2 diabetes leads to more deaths and complications than type 1 diabetes. Source: Constantino MI et al., Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3863-3869 (PMID 23846814).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/after-hypoglycemia — Before: tiredness after a hypoglycemic episode was presented as never being a new hypoglycemia. Now: tiredness usually comes from the brain's slower recovery, but blood glucose is checked, and no extra carbohydrates are taken if the value is normal. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/spreading — Before: seroreversion was described as more frequent at an older age at seroconversion. Now: it occurs mainly in people with a single autoantibody and a low or falling titer. Source: Vehik K et al., Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1535-1542 (PMID 27311490).
• October 13, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: the effect of root vegetables and fruit introduced before 4 months disappeared after age 3. Childhood overweight "doubled" the risk, and keeping a healthy weight was presented as a proven benefit. Now: root vegetables introduced early are linked to a higher risk, cereals and egg only up to age 3. Fruit introduced at 4–6 months is linked to a lower risk. Childhood obesity is linked to about twice the risk, and the benefit of keeping a healthy weight has not been proven. Source: Virtanen SM et al., Diabet Med. 2011;28(8):965-971 (PMID 21418094), Lampousi AM et al., EBioMedicine. 2021;72:103633 (PMID 34656932) and Verbeeten KC et al., Diabet Med. 2011;28(1):10-18 (PMID 21166841).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: a low vitamin D level in the mother was presented as able to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes, citing a source that did not mention vitamin D. Now: the link appeared in some studies, only for the last trimester, but was not confirmed in all the data. Supplements during pregnancy do not change the risk. Source: Lampousi AM et al., EBioMedicine. 2021;72:103633 (PMID 34656932), Sørensen IM et al., Diabetes. 2012;61(1):175-178 (PMID 22124461) and Silvis K et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(1):86-92 (PMID 30411443).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: emulsifiers and compounds formed at high temperatures were said to "probably" increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in animals, citing a source that did not study type 1 diabetes. Now: in mice, emulsifiers altered the gut bacteria and caused intestinal inflammation, and foods rich in compounds formed at high temperatures increased the risk of type 1 diabetes. Source: Chassaing B et al., Nature. 2015;519(7541):92-96 (PMID 25731162) and Peppa M et al., Diabetes. 2003;52(6):1441-1448 (PMID 12765955).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: a high blood level of saturated fats was presented as linked to a higher risk. Now: higher levels of some saturated fats in infants' blood were linked to a lower risk of autoimmunity and partly reflect the milk the infant receives. Source: Niinistö S et al., Diabetologia. 2017;60(7):1223-1233 (PMID 28474159) and Hakola L et al., Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(2):847-856 (PMID 36284022).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: a higher blood level of vitamin E was presented as linked to a lower risk of type 1 diabetes. Now: a higher dietary intake of vitamin E is linked to a somewhat lower risk of autoimmunity and, possibly, of type 1 diabetes. Source: Mattila M et al., Diabetologia. 2026;69(4):917-929 (PMID 41413297).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: the Mediterranean diet was said to "clearly" improve glucose control in children with type 1 diabetes. Now: better adherence to this diet is associated with better glucose control. Source: Güneş Kaya D et al., BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24(1):63 (PMID 38724988) and Nóvoa-Medina Y et al., Front Nutr. 2024;10:1338601 (PMID 38249596).
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/fiber-polyols — Before: the page said to weigh legumes cooked, without explaining that the value on a bag of dry legumes refers to the dry product. Combined, the two instructions could triple the carbohydrate count. Now: you first check whether the label refers to the dry or the cooked product, and for the dry product you weigh before cooking. Source: Internal review of the text, October 14, 2026.
• October 14, 2026 · t1dm/carb-grams — Before: a 10 g carbohydrate error was said to change blood glucose a lot, and in children to have "a very large impact." Now: a correctly calculated dose usually covers a deviation of up to 10 g. In children and adolescents, it takes a 20 g error to significantly increase the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Source: Smart CE et al., Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):e21-e24 (PMID 22268422) and Bell KJ et al., J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(8):1323-1329 (PMID 26422396).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: two hours were waited between two corrections with rapid analog insulin, with no condition. Now: a new correction can be given after at least two hours only if the insulin still active is subtracted, otherwise after at least 4 hours. On sick days the interval is 2–3 hours, the same throughout the text. Source: Walsh J et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(1):170-178 (PMID 24876553).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: on sick days, ketones were checked if blood glucose stayed above 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) for more than three hours, and corrections could reach about 150% of the usual dose, a figure without a source. Now: ketones are measured from the start of the illness and for as long as blood glucose is above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), and correction doses can be larger than usual. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: the correction given for ketones before exercise could reach about 150% of the usual dose, a figure without a source. Now: the correction dose can be larger than usual, following the protocol agreed with the medical team. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/severe-hypoglycemia — Before: the situations in which emergency services are called included a patient who "does not recover after glucagon," wording that could be read as a condition. Now: emergency services are called every time the patient is not fully conscious or cannot swallow. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: for an insulin dose that was too large, the page gave only home management. Now: if the wrong dose is large, the medical team is contacted immediately or the person goes to the emergency room, because hypoglycemia can last many hours and may require intravenous glucose. Source: Johansen NJ, Christensen MB, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;122(6):650-659 (PMID 29316226).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-meal — Before: the interaction between medicines and a very low-carbohydrate diet was limited to the risk of hypoglycemia. Now: SGLT2 inhibitors raise the risk of ketoacidosis when carbohydrate intake is very low, and on a consistently very low-carbohydrate diet glucagon may work less well in severe hypoglycemia. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: subtracting half the fiber above 5 g was given without the type of label, so also for EU labels, where it would have led to an insulin dose that is too low. Now: the rule applies only to American and Canadian labels, and on an EU label fiber is not subtracted, because it is not included in "Carbohydrate." Source: Stephen AM et al., Nutr Res Rev. 2017;30(2):149-190 (PMID 28676135) and Korczak R, Slavin JL, Nutr Rev. 2020;78(Suppl 1):6-12 (PMID 32728750).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/fiber-polyols — Before: the American rule was summarized as "subtract fiber when it exceeds 5 g." Now: "subtract half the fiber when it exceeds 5 g," as on the page about diet. Source: Korczak R, Slavin JL, Nutr Rev. 2020;78(Suppl 1):6-12 (PMID 32728750).
• October 17, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: during the honeymoon "you have no hypoglycemia." Now: blood glucose levels are often more stable, but hypoglycemia can still occur if insulin doses are not reduced in time. Source: Gubitosi-Klug RA et al., J Clin Invest. 2021;131(3):e143011 (PMID 33529168).
• October 17, 2026 · pumps/limitations — Before: most pumps detected blockages and warned through an alarm. Now: the occlusion alarm may come more than two hours late or not at all, and the problem is usually noticed first through rising glucose. Source: Hughes MS et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25(6):426-430 (PMID 36856574).
• October 17, 2026 · pumps/bolus-patch — Before: the order of the steps could be read as applying the device to the skin and then priming it, with the priming insulin reaching the tissue. Now: priming is done after filling and before the device is applied to the skin. Source: Dreon DM et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018;12(4):817-827 (PMID 29488399).
• October 17, 2026 · pumps/rapid-insulin — Before: the page told you to check ketones when blood glucose stays high after a correction, but did not say how to give the next correction. It could be read as another bolus through a set that no longer delivers insulin. Now: the correction is given with an insulin pen, not with the pump, and the infusion set is then changed together with the reservoir. Source: Meade LT, Rushton WE, Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(6):841-847 (PMID 24045332).
• October 17, 2026 · cgms/adjunctive — Before: the list of situations in which you confirm with a glucometer when using a non-adjunctive sensor left out rapidly changing blood glucose and the medicines that interfere with some sensors. Now: with an adjunctive sensor, the insulin dose is always set from the glucometer. With a non-adjunctive sensor, confirmation is also needed when blood glucose changes by more than 2 mg/dL (0.1 mmol/L) per minute. It is also needed while you take a medicine that gives higher readings (acetaminophen, high-dose vitamin C, hydroxyurea). Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 17, 2026 · cgms/warmup — Before: after the warm-up, the page sent you straight back to decisions based on the sensor, without the precaution for the first day. Now: on the first day of wear accuracy may be lower, even with a non-adjunctive sensor, so you confirm with the glucometer before a treatment decision. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S321-S338 (PMID 41358885).
• October 17, 2026 · cgms/prescription — Before: severe hypoglycemia was described as something that "can no longer be handled at home", wording that could delay the glucagon given by the people around you until the ambulance arrived. Now: if you cannot swallow, do not respond or have a seizure, the people around you give you nothing by mouth, give you glucagon and call emergency services immediately. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 18, 2026 · calculators/calories — Before: a weight loss target was never set below the resting metabolic rate, a rule that blocked the recommended deficit in sedentary people. Now: for weight loss, 500–750 kcal a day are usually subtracted from the total daily requirement. A diet of 800–1000 kcal a day is followed only under close medical supervision. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S166-S182 (PMID 41358882).
• October 18, 2026 · calculators/fib-4 — Before: under the age of 35 the score was described only as "less reliable", and the calculator still showed the "low risk" label. Now: under the age of 35 the score is not precise enough to confirm or rule out advanced fibrosis. The calculator then shows the figure without a risk label and suggests asking the doctor about other tests, such as liver elastography. Source: McPherson S et al., Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):740-751 (PMID 27725647).
• October 18, 2026 · calculators/cardiovascular-risk — Before: the page did not say that the PREVENT equations do not apply after cardiovascular disease, and the calculator gave a figure even after a heart attack. Now: the equations apply only to people without known cardiovascular disease, and a new checkbox stops the calculation after a heart attack, a stroke or heart failure. Source: Khan SS et al., Circulation. 2024;149(6):430-449 (PMID 37947085).
• October 22, 2026 · calculators/cardiovascular-risk — Before: the albumin-to-creatinine ratio could only be entered in mg/g, with no equivalent in mg/mmol. Now: the calculator also accepts mg/mmol, and the page gives the threshold of 300 mg/g (30 mg/mmol). Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 22, 2026 · calculators/cardiovascular-risk — Before: the page did not mention statins in patients with diabetes over the age of 40. Now: if you have diabetes and are over 40, your doctor will usually consider a statin, whatever the calculator figure. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 22, 2026 · glossary — Before: an occlusion was described as being signaled by the pump alarm. Now: the pump alarm may come more than two hours late or not at all, so blood glucose that rises without explanation requires checking the infusion set. Source: Hughes MS et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25(6):426-430 (PMID 36856574).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: without a sensor, an HbA1c below 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) was associated with about a 30% increase in the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Now: without modern insulins and technologies, the risk rises by about 27% for every 10% relative decrease in HbA1c. Source: Gubitosi-Klug RA et al., Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1010-1016 (PMID 28550194).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the target in children and adolescents was below 7% (53 mmol/mol), and below 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) in very young children. Now: the target is 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or less with a sensor and a closed-loop pump, if it can be reached safely, otherwise 7% or less. Source: de Bock M et al., Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):546-554 (PMID 39701064).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: an HbA1c of 7% (53 mmol/mol) was matched with stable glucose of 90–150 mg/dL (5–8.3 mmol/L). Now: the corresponding average glucose is around 154 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L). Source: Nathan DM et al., Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473-1478 (PMID 18540046).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/carb-counting — Before: fat and protein were described as changing only the timing of the rise in blood glucose. Now: a meal high in fat or protein may need more insulin or a bolus split in two. Source: Bell KJ et al., Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015 (PMID 25998293).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/foods-to-treat-hypoglycemia — Before: fruit juice and glucose gel were listed with tablets, acting within 10 to 15 minutes. Now: juice raises glucose more slowly than glucose does, and glucose tablets remain the first choice. Source: Slama G et al., Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(3):589-593 (PMID 2310277).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: the kidney was described as using most of the glucose it makes for its own needs. Now: after an overnight fast, 20–25% of the glucose entering the blood comes from the kidneys, and the rest comes from the liver. Source: Gerich JE, Diabet Med. 2010;27(2):136-142 (PMID 20546255).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: in children under 6, the priority was described as preventing severe hypoglycemia. Now: the developing brain is sensitive both to repeated severe hypoglycemia and to persistent hyperglycemia. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/incidence — Before: the number of new T1DM cases could have doubled by 2040. Now: the number of people living with T1DM could reach 14.7 million in 2040, compared with 9.5 million in 2025. Source: Ogle GD et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025;225:112277 (PMID 40412624).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/incidence — Before: Finland was given first place worldwide, with about 50 new cases per 100000 per year. Now: in children, Finland, with about 60, and Sardinia, with about 74 new cases per 100000 per year, have some of the highest incidences in the world. Source: Ripoli C et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;213:111750 (PMID 38885745).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/infections — Before: SARS-CoV-2 infection was described as a factor that increased T1DM incidence in children. Now: the 42% higher risk appeared only in data from the United States, and the role of the virus is not yet clear. Source: Rahmati M et al., J Med Virol. 2023;95(6):e28833 (PMID 37264687).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/infections — Before: SARS-CoV-2 infection was not associated with presymptomatic T1DM autoimmunity. Now: the data are conflicting, and in infants at high genetic risk autoantibodies appeared more often after the infection. Source: Lugar M et al., JAMA. 2023;330(12):1151-1160 (PMID 37682551).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/infections — Before: rotavirus vaccination had a proven protective effect. Now: in children from developed countries it was associated with a 13% lower risk of T1DM, but the effect still needs confirmation. Source: Kosmeri C et al., Vaccines (Basel). 2025;13(1):50 (PMID 39852829).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: lumps at the injection site occurred in over half of the people who use insulin. Now: they occur in about 4 in 10 people who use insulin. Source: Mader JK et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026;20(4):1342-1352 (PMID 40109173).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: insulin was recommended from diagnosis to preserve the beta cells. Now: insulin treatment is offered from diagnosis, because LADA is part of the type 1 diabetes spectrum, and in some patients a treatment without insulin may be tried with close follow-up. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmunity — Before: in identical twins, the other twin developed the disease in only about half of cases. Now: the other twin develops it in 30–70% of cases, and the risk rises with the length of follow-up. Source: Insel RA et al., Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1964-1974 (PMID 26404926).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: mortality from ketoacidosis in children, in countries with good access to intensive care, was "close to zero". Now: mortality is about 0.1–0.3%. Source: Siddiqui EU et al., Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2025;30(5):242-249 (PMID 41207289).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/distinction — Before: age and weight, as the only criteria, led to misdiagnoses "in up to 40% of cases". Now: up to 40% of adults with type 1 diabetes are first diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Source: Evans-Molina C, Oram RA, Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(Suppl 6):57-68 (PMID 40230204).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/incidence — Before: LADA accounted for 2–10% of diabetes cases. Now: LADA accounts for 2–12% of diabetes cases. Source: Buzzetti R et al., Diabetes. 2020;69(10):2037-2047 (PMID 32847960).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/perinatal — Before: extreme prematurity (23–27 weeks) lowered the risk, while late prematurity (34–36 weeks) raised it. Now: birth before 32 weeks is associated with a lower risk, while birth at 32–36 weeks slightly raises it. Source: Waernbaum I et al., Diabetologia. 2019;62(7):1173-1184 (PMID 31041471).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: 10–50% of beta cells were still working at diagnosis. Now: 10–40% of beta cells are still working at diagnosis. Source: Chen C et al., Mol Metab. 2017;6(9):943-957 (PMID 28951820).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: at least half of patients had a partial remission, and "one fifth" started directly with complete insulin dependence. Now: more than half have a partial remission, while the rest need full insulin doses from the start. Source: Abdul-Rasoul M et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7(2):101-107 (PMID 16629716).
• October 22, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: smoking raised the risk by 40–60%, up to a doubling above 25 cigarettes a day. Now: smoking raises the risk by about 37% in active smokers and by almost 60% from 20 cigarettes a day. Source: Pan A et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(12):958-967 (PMID 26388413).
• October 22, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: family risk was given as 40%, 70% and 15%, and the header said "+5% risk per kg" and "10%/yr". Now: the risk is 2–3 times higher with one parent and 5–6 times with both, and the header says "×3.9 risk after gaining 20 kg" and "5–10%/yr". Source: Sami A et al., Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17(1):185 (PMID 40452079). Ford ES et al., Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(3):214-222 (PMID 9247005). Tabák AG et al., Lancet. 2012;379(9833):2279-2290 (PMID 22683128).
• October 22, 2026 · secondary/pancreatic — Before: pancreatic diabetes accounted for 5–10% of all diabetes cases. Now: it probably accounts for about 4–5% of all diabetes cases. Source: Hart PA et al., Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(3):226-237 (PMID 28404095).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: each 1% of HbA1c meant about 30 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), and 10% and 12% were given as 13.3 and 16.6 mmol/L. Now: about 29 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L), and 13.4 and 16.5 mmol/L respectively. Source: Nathan DM et al., Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473-1478 (PMID 18540046).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/infections — Before: in the DiViD study, the comparison group was given as "2 out of 11 people" with enterovirus. Now: 2 out of 9 organ donors without diabetes. Source: Krogvold L et al., Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1682-1687 (PMID 25422108).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/schemes — Before: during puberty doses reached 1.2–1.5 units/kg/day, and most patients took between four and eight injections a day. Now: during puberty doses reach 1–2 units/kg/day, and the basal-bolus regimen means at least four injections a day. Source: Cengiz E et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1277-1296 (PMID 36537533). American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: mortality in type 1 diabetes "generally falls by 2.1–5.8% a year". Now: in six populations studied, mortality fell by 2.1–5.8% a year. Source: Ruiz PLD et al., Diabetologia. 2022;65(6):964-972 (PMID 35314870).
• October 22, 2026 · t2dm/description — Before: the risk rose to 40% with one parent with diabetes and to 70% with both. Now: the risk is 2–3 times higher with one parent and 5–6 times higher with both. Source: Sami A et al., Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17(1):185 (PMID 40452079).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the header statistic gave "~50%" of the daily dose as basal insulin. Now: the header statistic says "30–50%", as in the body of the page. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 22, 2026 · calculators/body-fat — Before: the obesity range started at 32% body fat in women, and the calculator used the same threshold. Now: the threshold is over 35%, as in the WHO standard, also in the calculator. Source: Romero-Corral A et al., Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(6):959-966 (PMID 18283284).
• October 22, 2026 · calculators/ideal-weight — Before: remission was linked to a weight loss of 15–20% or more. Now: remission is linked to a sustained loss of more than 10%. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S166-S182 (PMID 41358882).
• October 22, 2026 · pumps/implantable-pump — Before: in half of the patients "the pump is replaced within the first 4–5 years". Now: half of the patients need a new operation within the first 4–5 years, for the pump, the catheter or the battery. Source: van Dijk PR et al., World J Diabetes. 2012;3(8):142-148 (PMID 22912916).
• October 22, 2026 · pumps/basal-patch — Before: skin "closer than five centimeters to the navel" was to be avoided. Now: skin around the navel should be avoided, and the source gives a radius of 2 cm. Source: Al-Beltagi M et al., World J Clin Pediatr. 2022;11(6):463-484 (PMID 36439904).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: sugar and jam were given as "95–100% carbohydrates". Now: sugar is almost 100% carbohydrate, and jam about 70%. Source: USDA FoodData Central, FDC ID 169641.
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/onset-with-ketoacidosis — Before: hospital stay for ketoacidosis at onset lasted 3 to 10 days, and ketoacidosis resolved biochemically within the first 12–24 hours. Now: the hospital stay usually lasts a few days, and the unsourced durations were removed. The hero shows that 6–21% of adults have ketoacidosis at onset. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the average of glucometer tests usually underestimated the true average by 30 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L). Now: the average of glucometer tests may be lower than the true average, with no fixed figure, because you miss some of the after-meal peaks. Source: Nathan DM et al., Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473-1478 (PMID 18540046).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: each 1% fall in HbA1c reduced the risk of complications by about 30%. Now: intensive treatment, with a median HbA1c of 7% (53 mmol/mol) compared with 9% (75 mmol/mol), reduces early microvascular complications by 35–76%. Source: Nathan DM et al. (DCCT/EDIC), Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9-16 (PMID 24356592).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/incidence — Before: the cumulative risk up to age 15 reached 0.5% in high-incidence countries, and the figure placed East Asia above sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Now: the sentence with unsourced figures was removed, and the lowest incidence is in East and South-East Asia. For sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, data are scarce and probably under-reported. Source: Tuomilehto J et al., Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2020;17(Suppl 1):198-209 (PMID 32208564).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: the denial phase at onset lasted 2–4 weeks, and a sign of anxiety was more than 15 finger pricks a day. Now: the length of the phase varies widely from person to person, and the sign is testing much more often than the plan agreed with the team. The hero shows a 2.8-fold higher risk of depression. Source: Desalegn D et al., J Autoimmun. 2026;158:103524 (PMID 41538974).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: more than half of patients reported anxiety in romantic relationships, and partners saw diabetes management as a sign of maturity. Now: many fear the moment of disclosure or rejection, and a partner's excessive control is associated with less time in the target range. Source: Yorgason JB et al., Fam Syst Health. 2024;42(2):239-253 (PMID 37956065).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/eating-out — Before: restaurant portions were two to three times larger than those in the tables. Now: restaurant portions are often at least twice the standard portions and have grown over recent decades. Source: Young LR et al., J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(2):231-234 (PMID 12589331).
• October 22, 2026 · pumps/implantable-pump — Before: fewer than 500 patients worldwide used implantable pumps. Now: a small number of patients use them, followed in a few certified centers, mainly in France and the Netherlands. No source gives an exact number. Source: Oliver N et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026;28(10):8801-8811 (PMID 42426563).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/autoantibodies — Before: the figure gave, as a projection, a risk of about 21% at 15 years for a single autoantibody. Now: the projection was removed, and the figure keeps the measured value, 15% in 10 years with a single autoantibody. Source: Ziegler AG et al., JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473-2479 (PMID 23780460).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: glycemic control was better especially in the first 5 years, and severe hypoglycemia was clearly rarer than in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Now: glycemic control is usually better, and the unsourced statement about hypoglycemia was removed. Source: Evans-Molina C et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(Suppl 6):57-68 (PMID 40230204).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: adults with LADA could have a 3-year honeymoon, and the conclusions gave a longer honeymoon in LADA. Now: in adults with LADA, beta cell destruction is slower, and insulin may become necessary only after several years. Source: Marcon LMR et al., Case Rep Endocrinol. 2022;2022:9363543 (PMID 35355800).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/weight — Before: excess weight sped up the move from stage 1 to stage 2, and the hero called it the only modifiable risk factor. Now: in children with autoantibodies, excess weight is associated with an about 63% higher risk of clinical diabetes and is one of the few modifiable risk factors. Source: Ferrara CT et al., Diabetes Care. 2017;40(5):698-701 (PMID 28202550).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: C-peptide had three unsourced thresholds, and annual testing in the first five years was presented as a rule. Now: above 0.2 nmol/L (0.6 ng/mL) C-peptide shows preserved beta cell function, and it is measured mainly when the type of diabetes is uncertain. Source: Leighton E et al., Diabetes Ther. 2017;8(3):475-487 (PMID 28484968). Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/stress — Before: the hero said, without a source, that 1 in 3 patients also has another autoimmune disease. Now: the hero shows the roughly threefold higher risk of type 1 diabetes after a serious life event. Source: Nygren M et al., Diabetologia. 2015;58(6):1188-1197 (PMID 25870022).
• October 22, 2026 · cgms/technology — Before: most patients felt only the anesthetic needle when the implantable sensor was inserted. Now: in studies, pain or discomfort at the sensor site occurred in at most 3 in 100 people, with no serious device-related events. Source: Deiss D et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(1):48-52 (PMID 31418587).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/perinatal — Before: the association with Rh incompatibility had disappeared thanks to anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. Now: the association no longer appears in modern birth cohorts, and the unsourced explanation was removed. Source: Waernbaum I et al., Diabetologia. 2019;62(7):1173-1184 (PMID 31041471).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: high birth weight was a factor modifiable through glucose control in pregnancy, and low glycemic index foods were a prevention strategy. Now: the association remains after adjusting for the mother's diabetes, and the effect of low glycemic index foods on the course of the disease is not proven. Source: Cardwell CR et al., Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):641-651 (PMID 20063147). Lamb MM et al., Diabetologia. 2015;58(9):2027-2034 (PMID 26048237).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: sweeteners affected the microbiome only at very high long-term intake. Now: the effects of sweeteners on the microbiome and on glucose tolerance are still uncertain, with conflicting results. Source: Angelin M et al., Front Nutr. 2024;11:1411560 (PMID 38988858).
• October 22, 2026 · calculators/phq-9 — Before: active screening for depression was recommended without a source and without a frequency. Now: depression is about twice as common in diabetes, and depressive symptoms are screened for in all patients at least once a year. Source: Anderson RJ et al., Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069-1078 (PMID 11375373). American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898).
• October 22, 2026 · cgms/prescription — Before: many non-prescription sensors updated their value every 15 minutes, and the hero and conclusions said they show only trends. Now: some non-prescription sensors update their value every 15 minutes, and all of them show values and trends, but without alarms. Source: U.S. FDA, 5.03.2024.
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-breakfast — Before: the fat in nuts slowed the rise in blood glucose, and two cited sources did not support the statements. Now: fat can slow stomach emptying, so blood glucose rises more slowly in the first hours, and in some people caffeine alone can raise blood glucose. Source: Bell KJ et al., Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015 (PMID 25998293).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/vitamin-d — Before: about 6000 IU/day was recommended in pregnancy, and maternal doses of 400–600 IU/day were considered insufficient. Now: some guidelines suggest supplementation above 600 IU/day in pregnancy, without exceeding 4000 IU/day, and during breastfeeding 6400 IU/day provides the vitamin D the baby needs. Source: Demay MB et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1907-1947 (PMID 38828931). Ross AC et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53-58 (PMID 21118827). Hollis BW et al., Pediatrics. 2015;136(4):625-634 (PMID 26416936).
• October 22, 2026 · pumps/tubed-pump — Before: the infusion set was changed every three days. Now: the set is changed every 2–3 days, depending on its type, or sooner if needed. The same applies on the pages on differences and continuous infusion. Source: Deiss D et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18(9):517-524 (PMID 27526329).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/after-hypoglycemia — Before: a treatment review was needed after a single severe episode or after several episodes below 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) in a week. Now: a single level 2 episode, below 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L), or a single level 3 episode is enough to warrant a treatment review. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the more relaxed target, below 8% (64 mmol/mol), was linked to older age, and the stricter one to young age. Now: the more relaxed target depends on severe or frequent hypoglycemia, other serious illnesses and advanced complications, and the stricter one on good health. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/fiber-polyols — Before: on the European label you subtracted nothing, although the same page halved polyols above 5 g per portion. Now: on the European label you do not subtract fiber, and from carbohydrate you subtract half of polyols above 5 g per portion and all of the erythritol. The same rule appears on the label page. Source: Zumbé A et al., Br J Nutr. 2001;85(Suppl 1):S31-S45 (PMID 11318000). Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, OJ L 304:18-63.
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/criteria — Before: confirmation needed a second test from a separate sample, and type 1 was diagnosed solely on blood glucose or HbA1c. Now: confirmation can come from a different test on the same sample or from the same test repeated on another day. Blood glucose and HbA1c diagnose diabetes, and type 1 is then established from the clinical picture, autoantibodies and C-peptide. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: the glucagon response to hypoglycemia was only sometimes absent. Now: the glucagon response disappears in most patients within the first years of diabetes. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-meal — Before: the rule for working out the insulin dose did not change for small meals. Now: for meals of 20 g of carbohydrates or less, the usual ratio may give too little insulin, and the doctor can adjust it. The same applies on the lunch page. Source: Cordon NM et al., Diabet Med. 2022;39(2):e14675 (PMID 34415640).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/schemes — Before: the basal-bolus regimen gave the best possible glycemic control, with no qualification. Now: the basal-bolus regimen gives the best glycemic control possible with injections. Source: Cengiz E et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1277-1296 (PMID 36537533).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmune-diseases — Before: the thyroid and celiac disease were tested periodically, lifelong, even without symptoms. Now: the thyroid is checked periodically. Celiac disease is looked for without symptoms only in children, at diagnosis, within the first two years and after five years, and in adults if suggestive symptoms, signs or laboratory results appear. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S61-S88 (PMID 41358897). American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S297-S320 (PMID 41358890).
• October 22, 2026 · t2dm/description — Before: type 2 diabetes accounted for 90% of cases, and in young people complications appeared 10–15 years earlier. Now: type 2 diabetes accounts for 90–95% of cases, and in those diagnosed young complications appear earlier, with no fixed figure. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 22, 2026 · secondary/pancreatic — Before: type 2 diabetes was defined by insulin resistance. Now: in type 2 diabetes insulin secretion declines gradually, often against a background of insulin resistance. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/relapse — Before: the autoimmune attack returned after the honeymoon, and the honeymoon was longer when diagnosis came after puberty. Now: the autoimmune attack continues during the honeymoon too. The honeymoon occurs more often in children diagnosed after the age of 5, without ketoacidosis and with a larger beta cell reserve. Source: Cabrera SM et al., Diabetologia. 2018;61(11):2356-2370 (PMID 30167736). Cimbek EA et al., J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021;34(10):1311-1317 (PMID 34271601).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/testing — Before: a positive test was repeated after about three months, ideally with the same laboratory method. Now: the test is repeated within three months, ideally in an independent, IASP-certified laboratory. Source: Haller MJ et al., Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):529-545 (PMID 39662065).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia — Before: mild hypoglycemic episodes left no lasting harm. Now: frequent hypoglycemic episodes weaken the warning signals and raise the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia — Before: the success rate of glucagon was nearly 100% in both forms, with no condition. Now: the nearly 100% rate comes from studies and holds when the full dose is given correctly. Source: Pontiroli AE et al., Acta Diabetol. 2020;57(6):743-749 (PMID 32025860). Yale JF et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19(7):423-432 (PMID 28556672).
• October 22, 2026 · t1dm/carb-foods — Before: fat and protein only delayed the rise in blood glucose, and the simple counting rule left out milk and legumes. Now: fat and protein can also make the rise in blood glucose larger, and the simple rule includes legumes, milk and yogurt. Source: Bell KJ et al., Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015 (PMID 25998293).
• October 22, 2026 · glossary — Before: NPH insulin lasted 12–16 hours, the implantable sensor worked for several months, and all modern sensors came factory-calibrated. Now: NPH lasts 12–18 hours, the implantable sensor works for up to a year, and some sensors need calibrations. The stages, metformin, the hybrid loop, adrenaline and the basal patch were also clarified. Source: Cengiz E et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1277-1296 (PMID 36537533). Bailey TS et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2025;27(5):407-411 (PMID 39869118).
• October 23, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: the title, description and hero of the page said that HbA1c shows the average glucose over 3 months. Now: the window reads 2–3 months everywhere on the page, as in its body and across the site. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: LADA progression to insulin dependence was called "inevitable (over years)". Now: progression to needing insulin usually takes years. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/estimating-portions — Before: portion estimates were said to underestimate "almost always". Now: large meals are usually underestimated, while snacks and small meals are more often overestimated; the same on the weighing page. Source: Brazeau AS et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99(1):19-23 (PMID 23146371).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-symptoms — Before: hypoglycemia awareness "is regained in 3–4 weeks" and the hormonal defense "does not return". Now: in many patients awareness returns after 3–4 weeks of strict avoidance, while the hormonal defense recovers more slowly and often incompletely. Source: Dagogo-Jack S et al., Diabetes. 1994;43(12):1426-1434 (PMID 7958494).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-unawareness — Before: unawareness "can often resolve completely" and adrenaline "recovers at most partially". Now: warning symptoms return in most patients, the adrenaline response recovers more slowly and inconsistently, and glucagon usually stays low. Source: Dagogo-Jack SE et al., J Clin Invest. 1993;91(3):819-828 (PMID 8450063).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: "You regain the warning, but not the automatic hormonal defense." Now: the hormonal response recovers more slowly and not in every patient; in one study it had not recovered even after three months. Source: Dagogo-Jack S et al., Diabetes. 1994;43(12):1426-1434 (PMID 7958494).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: competitive sport was "strongly recommended". Now: competitive sport is compatible with type 1 diabetes, and regular physical activity is recommended for nearly all patients; the hero likewise. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/vitamin-d — Before: vitamin D supplementation "does not lower the titer" of autoantibodies. Now: there is no solid evidence that supplementation lowers the titer, and small studies give contradictory results. Source: Mourelatou NG et al., Nutrients. 2024;16(23):4072 (PMID 39683465).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: sensors with alarms "significantly reduced severe hypoglycemia". Now: sensors reduce the number of hypoglycemic episodes, and in people with impaired awareness they also reduce severe hypoglycemia. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/limitations — Before: "for most patients the benefits justify this cost". Now: the extra cost is justified mainly when on injections you have hard-to-control glucose or frequent hypoglycemia. Source: Roze S et al., Diabet Med. 2015;32(11):1415-1424 (PMID 25962621).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/continuous-infusion — Before: hormones "that no pump can replace"; "most can also add small automatic corrections"; "the studies were done in children". Now: hormones that an insulin pump cannot replace, the glucagon response is often weakened; all of them also make small automatic corrections, some as separate boluses; one study followed children. Source: Boughton CK et al., Diabetologia. 2021;64(5):1007-1015 (PMID 33550442).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/lifespan — Before: "whatever the type, a short warm-up period"; the implant "avoids the skin problems caused by adhesive", "2–3 mm". Now: every sensor has a warm-up period; for the implantable one it lasts a whole day, followed by calibrations; the implant cannot come off by accident, and the detachable transmitter is attached with a silicone adhesive that rarely and only briefly irritates the skin. Source: Senseonics et al., Senseonics, 2024 and Deiss D et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(1):48-52 (PMID 31418587).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/adjunctive — Before: the adjunctive sensor's technology "is either older or a less successful copy, so the real accuracy is lower". Now: its accuracy has not been proven at the level required for treatment decisions, either because the technology is older or because it was not tested that way. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/tubeless-pump — Before: "the patch pump cannot be taken off temporarily"; "waterproof". Now: most patch pumps cannot be taken off temporarily; usually water resistant. Source: Ulbrich S et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;14(2):324-327 (PMID 31452394).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: "the safe limits are one standard drink for women and at most two for men". Now: if you drink, at most one standard drink a day for women and at most two for men; there is no amount of alcohol considered safe. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: with 4 mm needles "you can go in perpendicularly, without a skin fold". Now: most adults can inject perpendicularly without a skin fold; small children and very thin people may need a fold even with the 4 mm needle. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: quality of life "is close to that of the general population, though usually slightly lower". Now: quality of life with type 1 diabetes is on average lower than that of healthy peers, especially at school or at work and through fatigue. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/weight — Before: the "accelerator" mechanism was stated as fact ("accelerated functional decline of the beta cell mass"). Now: the proposed mechanism is essentially metabolic; insulin resistance is associated with faster progression, but the exact mechanism remains to be clarified. Source: Wilkin TJ, Diabetologia. 2001;44(7):914-922 (PMID 11508279).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/mimicry — Before: the coxsackie → T cell → pancreas chain was stated as fact ("recognized exactly the same"). Now: the chain is worded as a hypothesis ("could reach", "would release"), and some T cells recognize both. Source: Parviainen A et al., Diabetes Care. 2024;47(1):97-100 (PMID 37861431).
• October 24, 2026 · secondary/pancreatic — Before: new diabetes after 50 "requires imaging"; low fecal elastase "confirms exocrine impairment". Now: new diabetes can precede a pancreatic cancer diagnosis by 2–3 years and, together with weight loss, calls for imaging; low elastase supports exocrine impairment but also occurs in long-standing diabetes, so it is read together with imaging. Source: Pannala R et al., Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(1):88-95 (PMID 19111249) and Hart PA et al., Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(3):226-237 (PMID 28404095).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/benefits — Before: the system "lowers the rate on its own even if you have already taken precautions". Now: a sensor-linked system lowers insulin on its own when glucose starts to fall, but preparing in advance remains necessary. Source: Moser O et al., Diabetologia. 2025;68(2):255-280 (PMID 39653802).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/basal-patch — Before: for X-rays "the risk is considered very small, but some instructions require removal". Now: the patch is removed before a CT scan, and removal is also recommended before an ordinary X-ray. Source: Mader JK et al., Diabet Med. 2018;35(10):1448-1456 (PMID 29888811).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/prescription — Before: the sensor was "optional" for "type 2 patients controlled with oral drugs or diet". Now: optional for those who do not use insulin or other drugs that can cause hypoglycemia (such as sulfonylureas) and for people with prediabetes. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: factors preserving own production "include older age at onset, better glucose control, absence of other autoimmune diseases"; the drug list included "anti-CD3, anti-CD20, sirolimus, tacrolimus, oral insulin, GAD vaccine". Now: own production declines with years of disease and tends to be higher when onset follows early childhood, and the factors that preserve it are not yet established; drugs that slowed the C-peptide decline: rituximab, abatacept, teplizumab, verapamil, baricitinib, golimumab. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/microbiome — Before: probiotics "in the first months of life might be associated with a lower risk in genetically predisposed children". Now: probiotics in the first month of life were associated with a lower risk of islet autoimmunity, but only in children with the highest-risk genotype (DR3/DR4). Source: Uusitalo U et al., JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(1):20-28 (PMID 26552054).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-lunch — Before: for pasta "the real gain is a gentler glucose rise, especially if you cook it al dente". Now: in practice you count them the same; after eating pasta, whole grain or white, glucose rises more gently than after white rice. Source: Zavitsanou S et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019;21(9):485-492 (PMID 31225739).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/criteria — Before: "in children and adolescents, IAA and IA-2 often appear first". Now: in children, the first to appear are usually insulin autoantibodies (IAA), especially in young children, or anti-GAD65 antibodies. Source: Evans-Molina C et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(Suppl 6):57-68 (PMID 40230204).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/spreading — Before: the interval to the second antibody was "generally short, a few months", and the first antibody appeared "usually right at one year of age". Now: the second antibody usually appears a few months after the first, on average about 7 months later, and the first most often appears between 1 and 2 years of age. Source: Ziegler AG et al., JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473-2479 (PMID 23780460).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/distinction — Before: after gestational diabetes "retesting of blood glucose is indicated at 4–12 weeks after birth". Now: after gestational diabetes a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test is done at 4–12 weeks after birth. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S321-S338 (PMID 41358885).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/genetics — Before: the screening programs were called "genetic" as a block (Fr1da, GPPAD, type1screen, TrialNet, ASK, CASCADE). Now: genetic screening in newborns (GPPAD) or by autoantibodies (Fr1da, type1screen.org, TrialNet, ASK Health, CASCADE Kids), with the countries where they run. Source: Haller MJ et al., Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):529-545 (PMID 39662065).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/nutritional-factors — Before: "children with diabetes had a higher intake of nitrites"; introducing cereals "before 4 months and after 6–7 months seems to raise the risk". Now: children with a higher nitrite intake had a higher risk, but the certainty of the data is low; introduction in the first 3 months and from 7 months on was associated with a higher risk of autoimmunity; the same on the perinatal page. Source: Lamb MM et al., Diabetologia. 2015;58(9):2027-2034 (PMID 26048237).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-meal — Before: "if the protein or fat portions are usual, the insulin dose is not changed". Now: at an ordinary meal, a normal portion of protein and fat does not usually change the dose; at a meal under 30 g of carbohydrate, even a usual portion can raise glucose a few hours later. Source: Smart CE et al., Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):e21-e24 (PMID 22268422).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/testing — Before: "the most accurate methods are ECL and LIPS", and ELISA was "of lower quality". Now: several methods, such as ECL, LIPS or bridge-type ELISA, perform well, and the key criterion is the laboratory's participation in the IASP program. Source: Marzinotto I et al., Diabetes Care. 2026;49(4):607-615 (PMID 41575380).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/relapse — Before: "the presence of several autoantibody types indicates a broader attack and a higher risk of progression"; immune memory "fed" by beta cells. Now: over the years the immune system responds to more and more targets in the beta cell, a sign that the attack is broadening; the figure says the same. Source: Foster WS et al., J Immunol. 2025;214(5):862-871 (PMID 40073096).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/after-hypoglycemia — Before: "daily mild episodes or two night-time episodes a week are a clear signal". Now: time below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) over 4% of the day, repeated episodes below 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) and recurring night-time lows are clear signals. Source: Battelino T et al., Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1593-1603 (PMID 31177185).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia — Before: "such a low value without any symptom is a signal of unawareness". Now: such a low value without symptoms, especially if it recurs while awake, is often a signal of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Source: Divilly P et al., Diabetes Care. 2024;47(10):1769-1777 (PMID 39207738).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/autoantibodies — Before: IA-2 was "an enzyme of the tyrosine phosphatase class", TSPAN7 "a granule protein related to IA-2", and neoantigens arose "like premature aging" of proteins. Now: IA-2 is a protein of the tyrosine phosphatase family without enzyme activity; TSPAN7 is a membrane protein of islet cells; neoantigens arise when beta cell proteins are chemically modified by stress and inflammation. Source: Wenzlau JM et al., Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(5):608-615 (PMID 23900975) and Mauvais FX et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(Suppl 6):40-56 (PMID 40375390).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/carb-grams — Before: the portion measured "the substance that raises glucose, that is, glucose". Now: the portion measures how much carbohydrate the meal contains, that is, the part that becomes glucose in the blood. Source: Annan SF et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1297-1321 (PMID 36468223).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens — Before: the first defense was "switching off insulin secretion" ("where your own insulin stops"). Now: the first defense is a reduction in insulin secretion ("where your own insulin falls"), in the hero and in the text. Source: Sprague JE et al., Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011;9(1):463-473 (PMID 22783644).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: "diabetes distress" meant "the exhaustion caused by the daily management of the disease". Now: "diabetes distress" means the emotional burden and worries of managing the disease every day. Source: Lin YK et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024;26(10):739-747 (PMID 38662427).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the liver's sugar needed "an antidote, absolutely"; pills "stimulate the pancreas or improve sensitivity"; NPH "should no longer be in use in most countries"; "all modern insulins are analogs"; the long-acting analog "starts in 1–2 hours"; table NPH 1–2/4–8/12–18 h, long-acting ≈24 h, rapid peak 1–2 h. Now: without basal insulin the body produces ketones, which lead to ketoacidosis; pills stimulate the pancreas, increase sensitivity or remove sugar through the urine, but none replaces insulin in type 1; NPH remains in use in many countries; most modern injectable insulins are analogs; the long-acting analog starts within a few hours (degludec 0.5–1.5 hours, glargine 2–4 hours); table and figure: NPH 2–4/4–12/12–24 h, long-acting 1–4 h, glargine U100 ≈24 h, U300 30–36 h, degludec more than 42 h, rapid peak 1–3 h. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450) and Cengiz E et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1277-1296 (PMID 36537533).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/confirming-hypoglycemia — Before: "the official name for this sensor behavior is NSA". Now: in studies, the phenomenon appears under the names NSA (nocturnal sensor attenuation) or PISA (pressure-induced sensor attenuation). Source: Wang X et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17(11):780-786 (PMID 26177299) and Baysal N et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1091-1096 (PMID 25316716).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/interstitial-fluid — Before: the displayed value "sometimes close to zero"; "nocturnal signal attenuation". Now: the value "sometimes in the hypoglycemia range"; "nocturnal sensor attenuation (NSA)", with the new source. Source: Wang X et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17(11):780-786 (PMID 26177299).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/tubed-pump — Before: "the thin tube (made of Teflon)". Now: the thin plastic tube; the cannula is usually a soft Teflon tube, more rarely a fine steel needle. Source: Heinemann L et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4):954-964 (PMID 22920824).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/function — Before: the difference from the pancreas was "subcutaneous vs. intravenous". Now: pump insulin is delivered under the skin, not into the portal vein, which carries the pancreas's insulin straight to the liver. Source: Edgerton DS et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2021;320(5):E891-E897 (PMID 33813879).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/measurement-principle — Before: the membrane lets "a small, controlled amount of glucose" through, and the reaction rate "is set by the membrane, not by the glucose around it". Now: the membrane lets through only a small fraction of the surrounding glucose; that fraction stays proportional to the outside concentration, and the enzyme does not become saturated. Source: Wu M et al., Talanta. 2024;273:125933 (PMID 38503127).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/implantable-principle — Before: acetaminophen and vitamin C do not interfere "because no enzymatic reaction takes place here". Now: they do not interfere because the measurement is optical, not electrochemical (text, conclusions and figure). Source: Lorenz C et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(5):344-352 (PMID 29600877).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/professional — Before: the values were "stored in the memory of the phone app or of the reader". Now: the values are stored in the memory of the sensor or of the transmitter; on models that display them, they also reach the app. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: the effect "is amplified beyond 30 minutes, when muscle glycogen stores are depleted". Now: during prolonged exercise the muscles use less of their own glycogen and more blood glucose; without an insulin adjustment, hypoglycemia occurs in many patients within about 45 minutes of aerobic exercise. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/mimicry — Before: SARS-CoV-2 infected beta cells "in the laboratory", through "ACE2 and TMPRSS2". Now: it infected beta cells both in the laboratory and in the pancreas of some patients who died of COVID-19; beta cells carry the ACE2 receptor and other entry factors, especially neuropilin 1 (NRP1). Source: Wu CT et al., Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1565-1576.e5 (PMID 34081912).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: "one in 15 newly diagnosed people will die at the time of onset". Now: one in 15 people whose disease begins dies within the first year, before being diagnosed. Source: Gregory GA et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(10):741-760 (PMID 36113507).
• October 24, 2026 · cgms/adjunctive — Before: "the FDA in the United States or the EMA in the European Union has examined the sensor". Now: the sensor has been officially evaluated, by the FDA in the United States or by a notified body in the European Union. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 24, 2026 · calculators/phq-9 — Before: PHQ-9 and GAD-7 measured "how intense" the symptoms were. Now: PHQ-9 and GAD-7 measure how often the symptoms bothered you over the last two weeks. Source: Kroenke K et al., J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-613 (PMID 11556941) and Spitzer RL et al., Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-1097 (PMID 16717171).
• October 24, 2026 · calculators/cardiovascular-risk — Before: the extended equations told well controlled diabetes from "one with high glucose over a long time". Now: they tell well controlled diabetes from one with high glucose over the last 2–3 months, the window HbA1c covers. Source: Khan SS et al., Circulation. 2024;149(6):430-449 (PMID 37947085).
• October 24, 2026 · calculators/blood-pressure — Before: "the category also enters the estimate of cardiovascular risk". Now: the systolic value enters the cardiovascular risk estimate, not the category. Source: Jones DW et al., Hypertension. 2025;82(10):e212-e316 (PMID 40811516).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hba1c — Before: "in people without diabetes, HbA1c is below 5.7%"; hemoglobinopathies gave "generally falsely low values", hemoglobin variants "also falsely low values"; DCCT "carried out in 1993". Now: in people without diabetes or prediabetes, HbA1c is below 5.7%; hemoglobinopathies can give falsely high or falsely low values, depending on the laboratory method, and some hemoglobin variants can interfere with certain methods; DCCT, published in 1993. Source: Radin MS, J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(2):388-394 (PMID 24002631) and DCCT Research Group, N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986 (PMID 8366922).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/carb-counting — Before: in the figure, carbohydrates "become glucose within a few minutes, up to an hour". Now: they become glucose within a few minutes to two or three hours, depending on the food and the rest of the meal, with a new source in the caption. Source: Smart CE et al., Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):e21-e24 (PMID 22268422).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-symptoms — Before: with a beta-blocker, "the tremor and the palpitations can be almost absent"; the signal "becomes poorer, not absent". Now: especially with a non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol, the tremor and the faster pulse can be blunted; the alarm signal can become poorer, but it does not disappear. Source: Kerr D et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;29(6):685-693 (PMID 1974143) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia — Before: "the physiology does not change with age". Now: the treatment threshold does not change with age, although in children the symptoms and the hormonal response can appear at somewhat higher values. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: "most patients have higher sensitivity at night and lower in the morning". Now: many patients have lower sensitivity in the morning and higher in the afternoon and evening, and the pattern differs from one person to another. Source: Hegab AM, Front Pediatr. 2022;10:854972 (PMID 35350271) and Hinshaw L et al., Diabetes. 2013;62(7):2223-2229 (PMID 23447123).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia — Before: dasiglucagon was "a modern option". Now: dasiglucagon is a newer option, available only in some countries. Source: Pieber TR et al., Diabetes Care. 2021;44(6):1361-1367 (PMID 35239971).
• October 24, 2026 · pumps/implantable-pump — Before: "no implantable pumps have been fitted in new patients"; "the only model on the market". Now: new implantable pumps have been fitted only in clinical trials, with a new-generation model; production of the last model on the market stopped at the end of 2020. Source: Medtronic MiniMed et al., ClinicalTrials.gov, 2025.
• October 24, 2026 · calculators/egfr — Before: CKD-EPI 2021 was "currently recommended internationally". Now: CKD-EPI 2021 applies no correction based on race; some laboratories, especially in Europe, use other formulas, such as CKD-EPI 2009 or EKFC, so the result can differ. Source: Delanaye P et al., Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61(1):44-47 (PMID 36279207).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: "the same area for the same type of insulin (rapid in the abdomen, basal in the thighs)"; "the thighs are the preferred site for basal insulin". Now: the same area at the same time of day, especially with human insulin; with long-acting analogs the area matters little and what counts is rotating the sites. Source: Bahendeka S et al., Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(2):341-366 (PMID 30815830).
• October 24, 2026 · calculators/findrisc — Before: "from 8 simple questions a score from 0 to 26 is calculated", citing the 2003 source (7 questions, 0–20). Now: the version used today, with 8 questions, added diabetes in the family, with a new source; the 0 to 26 score now has the matching source. Source: Zhang L et al., PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97865 (PMID 24852786).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/stages — Before: stage 3 was described only through symptoms. Now: if you are being followed with blood tests, stage 3 can also be detected before symptoms appear. Source: Haller MJ et al., Horm Res Paediatr. 2024;97(6):529-545 (PMID 39662065).
• October 24, 2026 · t1dm/remission — Before: the partial remission threshold was only "below 0.5 units per kilogram per day"; the end of remission was marked by "(0.5 units/kg/day)". Now: the threshold is below 0.5 units/kg/day together with an HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol); studies also use the dose-adjusted HbA1c (HbA1c + 4 × the dose in units/kg/day), with remission at 9 or less; the end: above 0.5 units/kg/day. Source: Nwosu BU, Eur Med J Diabetes. 2019;4(1):89-98 (PMID 31069088) and Mittal M et al., World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(1):9-14 (PMID 38292619).
• October 24, 2026 · glossary — Before: glycemic index: "a measure of how fast a food raises blood glucose". Now: a measure of the rise in blood glucose produced by a food, compared with the rise produced by glucose, for the same amount of carbohydrate. Source: Reynolds A et al., Lancet. 2019;393(10170):434-445 (PMID 30638909).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/onset — Before: with the combination of symptoms, "it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible for a blood glucose check". Now: see a doctor the same day for a blood glucose test. In a child with high blood glucose, referral to hospital is immediate, without other tests. Source: Lan YY et al., J Clin Med. 2026;15(2):533 (PMID 41598470).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: in team sports, suspending the pump was described without a time limit, "with micro-boluses given". Now: the pump can be suspended temporarily, for at most 60 minutes, with reconnection during breaks. The doses given during breaks are agreed in advance with the medical team. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 26, 2026 · pumps/limitations — Before: "always keep backup insulin and injection supplies at hand". Now: always keep at hand one pen with rapid-acting insulin and one with long-acting insulin, checked to make sure they have not expired. Source: Meade LT et al., Diabetes Educ. 2013;39(6):841-847 (PMID 24045332).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/treating-hypoglycemia — Before: with a sensor, "wait longer", and the sensor delay was "the most common cause" of overtreatment. Now: with a sensor, do not repeat the treatment at 15 minutes based on it alone, but confirm first with the glucometer. The sensor delay is a common cause of overtreatment. Source: Abraham MB et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1322-1340 (PMID 36537534).
• October 26, 2026 · cgms/interstitial-fluid — Before: the glucometer check was done "right after you corrected a low value". Now: the check is done 15 minutes after the correction, because the sensor shows the recovery of blood glucose with a delay. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 26, 2026 · cgms/adjunctive — Before: with a non-adjunctive sensor, the glucometer was required "before risky activities, such as driving". Now: before driving you check blood glucose on the sensor, and on long journeys at regular intervals. The glucometer confirms a value that is falling fast or does not match how you feel. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S150-S165 (PMID 41358889).
• October 26, 2026 · glossary — Before: hypoglycemia: "causes shaking, sweating, hunger and the need to eat fast-acting carbohydrates right away". Now: the signs are usually shaking, sweating and hunger, but hypoglycemia can also occur without signs, and it is treated with fast-acting carbohydrates anyway. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/icr — Before: the ratio was right if blood glucose at two hours came back "to within ±30 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)" of the start. Now: the ratio is right if at two hours blood glucose has risen by at most about 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) and then returns close to the start, without hypoglycemia. Source: Kuroda A et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(11):1077-1080 (PMID 23101953).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: before intense exercise that raises blood glucose, "you can take a small bolus 15 minutes before". Now: if blood glucose is already high at the start of intense exercise, a partial correction, agreed in advance with the medical team, is an option. Source: Riddell MC et al., Diabetologia. 2020;63(8):1475-1490 (PMID 32533229).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: the bolus of the meal before exercise was reduced "by 50%", and another paragraph gave 25–33% without saying it was for an automated system. Now: without an automated system, the bolus is reduced by 25% for light exercise, 50% for moderate exercise and 75% for intense aerobic exercise. With an automated system, by 25–33%, after you set the higher target. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: the starting blood glucose for strength training was "120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L)". Now: strength training can also start at 90–124 mg/dL (5.0–6.9 mmol/L), because anaerobic exercise can raise blood glucose. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: for unplanned exercise, 15 g of carbohydrate without insulin if blood glucose was "below 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L)". Now: for unplanned exercise, 10–20 g of fast-acting carbohydrate without insulin below 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Below 90 mg/dL (5.0 mmol/L), you delay the start until blood glucose rises. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450) and Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: preventing night-time hypoglycemia after exercise included "raising the bedtime glucose target to 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L)". Now: prevention includes reducing the night-time basal insulin by about 20% and a bedtime snack without insulin. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459) and Campbell MD et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2015;3(1):e000085 (PMID 26019878).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/sports — Before: five figures without support in the sources: "15 minutes of light aerobic exercise", "one month" of adjustments, tablets and gel with absorption times, portions "every 15 minutes". Now: longer light aerobic exercise, gradual adjustments, tablets or gel adding up to 15 g according to the package, small portions every 20–30 minutes. Sensor compression now has its own source. Source: Riddell MC et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):377-390 (PMID 28126459), Riddell MC et al., Diabetologia. 2020;63(8):1475-1490 (PMID 32533229) and Baysal N et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1091-1096 (PMID 25316716).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: the area with lumps was avoided for "at least three months", a period absent from the sources. Now: the area is avoided until the skin looks and feels normal again, which can take a long time. Source: Mader JK et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026;20(4):1342-1352 (PMID 40109173) and Tian T et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023;17(6):1711-1721 (PMID 37555266).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: "Do not use the same needle for more than 24 hours", and reuse increased "the risk of infection". Now: if you still reuse the needle, do not use it more than three times. Reuse increases pain and the risk of lipodystrophy. Source: Zabaleta-Del-Olmo E et al., Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;60:121-132 (PMID 27297374) and Sharma M et al., Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2022;26(2):167-172 (PMID 35873942).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: insulin in use was kept at room temperature "for at most three weeks". Now: insulin in use is kept at room temperature, below 25–30°C depending on the leaflet, usually for up to four weeks. Source: Heinemann L et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(1):147-159 (PMID 31994414).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: intramuscular injection "is painful and may bleed slightly". Now: intramuscular injection can be more painful, and the risk of hypoglycemia in the following hours increases, especially with long-acting insulins. Source: Gibney MA et al., Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(6):1519-1530 (PMID 20429833), Vaag A et al., Diabet Med. 1990;7(4):335-342 (PMID 2140087) and O'Neal KS et al., Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(4):264-267 (PMID 26600728).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: injecting through clothing "is not recommended at all", with fibers that "can contaminate the needle". Now: injecting through a single layer of clothing has been shown to be safe, but you cannot see the site or keep track of rotation, so injecting on bare skin is better. Source: Fleming DR et al., Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):244-247 (PMID 9051365).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-insulin-adjustment — Before: after a hypoglycemic episode, "a small reduction of about 10–20% of the dose involved", without a source. Now: the size of the change is set by the doctor, usually a small reduction of the dose involved. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450), which gives no figure for the reduction.
• October 26, 2026 · pumps/bolus-patch — Before: the bolus patch "gives no alarms", without the mechanical occlusion signal. Now: the device gives no audible alarms. Buttons stuck down, a detached patch or high blood glucose after a meal show that the insulin is not reaching you. Source: Hermanns N et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(3):581-587 (PMID 25670847).
• October 26, 2026 · pumps/basal-patch — Before: the 24-hour duration of the reservoir followed the sentence about the three-day models, so it seemed to be theirs. Now: the 24-hour duration, plus up to 36 units on demand, belongs to the one-day models. Source: Zeidan T et al., Pharmacy (Basel). 2020;8(4):215 (PMID 33202616).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/icr — Before: the dose was rounded "to the nearest half unit" on a pen, although many pens dose in whole units. Now: you round to the nearest unit or half unit, as the pen allows, or to 0.1 units on a pump. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/isf — Before: the dose was rounded "to the nearest half unit" on a pen, although many pens dose in whole units. Now: you round to the nearest unit or half unit, as the pen allows, or to 0.1 units on a pump. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S183-S215 (PMID 41358900).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/psychology — Before: "periodic screening for depression" was recommended, without a frequency. Now: depression, diabetes distress and, in people with frequent or severe hypoglycemia, fear of hypoglycemia are screened for every year. The medical team also asks about eating. Source: Desalegn D et al., J Autoimmun. 2026;158:103524 (PMID 41538974) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/gad-7 — Before: the text about anxiety had no sources and did not say what to do when the signs resemble hypoglycemia. Now: anxiety is screened for every year in all patients with diabetes. With insulin or with tablets that can cause hypoglycemia, you measure blood glucose before attributing the signs to anxiety. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450), American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898) and American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/phq-9 — Before: diabetes distress was missing from the causes of a high score without depression. Now: in diabetes, a common cause is distress related to the disease, which the doctor distinguishes from depression. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S89-S131 (PMID 41358898).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/bmi — Before: the BMI limits did not mention people of Asian origin. Now: in people of Asian origin, the risk of type 2 diabetes appears at a lower BMI, and the threshold for diabetes testing is 23 kg/m², not 25 kg/m². Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/bmi — Before: the calculator note did not say that the BMI thresholds are for adults. Now: the categories are for adults. In children and adolescents, BMI is read on growth charts, by age and sex, as percentiles. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/body-fat — Before: the calculator did not say that the formula and the ranges were established in adults. Now: the formula and the ranges were established in adults, so the calculator does not apply to children and adolescents. Source: Shake CL et al., Mil Med. 1993;158(1):26-31 (PMID 8437737).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/ideal-weight — Before: the Devine formula was described as not applicable "below 140 cm", although it is defined from 152 cm. Now: the formula is defined from 152 cm upwards and is extrapolated below that height. Below 140 cm the calculator shows no result. Source: Pai MP et al., Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(9):1066-1069 (PMID 10981254).
• October 26, 2026 · calculators/egfr-children — Before: the bedside Schwartz formula was "validated in children and adolescents (1–18 years)". Now: the formula was built on children aged 1–16 years with chronic kidney disease. In a child with healthy kidneys it can give a value slightly lower than the real one. Source: Schwartz GJ et al., J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(3):629-637 (PMID 19158356).
• October 26, 2026 · cgms/warmup — Before: warm-up lasted "between 30 minutes and 2 hours, depending on the model", without the exception of the implantable sensor. Now: for the implantable sensor, warm-up lasts 24 hours, and the first values appear after the second calibration with the glucometer, 2–12 hours after the first. Source: Senseonics, Eversense 365 Next steps (Rev. 2), 2024.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/icr — Before: "Foodvisor uses AI for photo recognition", with a source that tested other apps. Now: some apps recognize food from a photo, but they can be off by more than 20 g on average, so you check the figure. Source: Baumgartner M et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2025;19(6):1570-1577 (PMID 39058316).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/environment — Before: enteroviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus were described together, as viruses that circulate more widely in winter. Now: influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus circulate more widely in winter, while enteroviruses (especially Coxsackie B) peak in summer and early autumn. Source: Li Y et al., Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1031-e1045 (PMID 31303294) and Pons-Salort M et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(12):3078-3083 (PMID 29507246).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/vitamin-d — Before: enterovirus infections were described as having "a similar seasonal pattern" to vitamin D, peaking in winter. Now: respiratory viral infections are more common in winter, while enteroviruses peak in summer and early autumn. Source: Li Y et al., Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1031-e1045 (PMID 31303294) and Pons-Salort M et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(12):3078-3083 (PMID 29507246).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: the 70–140 mg/dL (3.9–7.8 mmol/L) target was presented as a general recommendation, without a source. Now: the 70–140 mg/dL (3.9–7.8 mmol/L) target is the recommendation from the author's clinical experience. The usual target is 70–180 mg/dL (3.9–10.0 mmol/L), and in young people tighter control did not further slow the loss of C-peptide. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894) and Boughton CK et al., N Engl J Med. 2022;387(10):882-893 (PMID 36069870).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: people with detectable C-peptide had "50% fewer severe hypoglycemic episodes", lower glycemic variability and a better HbA1c. Now: preserved C-peptide is associated with fewer severe hypoglycemic episodes, even at low levels. Above 0.2 nmol/L, it is also associated with fewer hospital admissions for ketoacidosis, a slightly lower HbA1c and a lower insulin dose. Source: Gubitosi-Klug RA et al., J Clin Invest. 2021;131(3):e143011 (PMID 33529168) and Jeyam A et al., Diabetes Care. 2021;44(2):390-398 (PMID 33303639).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: teplizumab was described only in children aged 8–17 years who were recently diagnosed, with a 14-day course, "rarely severely". Now: in the United States, teplizumab has been approved since June 2026 also after diagnosis, at 8–17 years, within the first 8 weeks, with two courses of 12 days each. In stage 2 it is given in the United States from 1 year of age, and in the European Union from 8 years. Source: FDA, Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, revised June 2026 and EMA, Teizeild (teplizumab) EPAR, 2026.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmunity — Before: the reactivation of some viruses after teplizumab was described as "rarely severe". Now: the reactivation of some viruses sometimes, rarely, has serious consequences. Source: FDA, Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, revised June 2026.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/spreading — Before: the reactivation of some viruses after teplizumab was described as "rarely severe". Now: the reactivation of some viruses sometimes, rarely, has serious consequences. Source: FDA, Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, revised June 2026.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/testing — Before: the reactivation of some viruses after teplizumab was described as "rarely severe". Now: the reactivation of some viruses sometimes, rarely, has serious consequences. Source: FDA, Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, revised June 2026.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/stages — Before: the reactivation of some viruses after teplizumab was described as "rarely severe". Now: the reactivation of some viruses sometimes, rarely, has serious consequences. Source: FDA, Tzield (teplizumab) prescribing information, revised June 2026.
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-breakfast — Before: the weaker response to insulin in the morning was described in all patients, "from 5 a.m. onward". Now: for many patients, the same amount of carbohydrates raises blood glucose more in the morning. About half of patients with type 1 diabetes have the dawn phenomenon, which usually begins at around 3 in the morning. Source: Ostrovski I et al., Can J Diabetes. 2020;44(3):229-235 (PMID 31630987) and Hegab AM, Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(8):1087-1093 (PMID 31433557).
• October 26, 2026 · t1dm/mortality — Before: the frequency of the "dead-in-bed" syndrome was described as reduced with sensors with alarms and insulin pumps. Now: the syndrome accounts for 2–5% of deaths in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, with a slight decline since 1991. It is not known exactly how much of this decline is due to technology. Source: Jones J et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;191:110042 (PMID 36007797).
• October 27, 2026 · t1dm/why-hypoglycemia-happens, t1dm/treating-hypoglycemia, t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia, t1dm/hypoglycemia — Before: alcohol was described as blocking the production of new glucose in the liver. Now: alcohol reduces the production of new glucose in the liver. Source: Siler SQ et al., Am J Physiol. 1998;275(5):E897-E907 (PMID 9815011) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 27, 2026 · t1dm/severe-hypoglycemia, t1dm/hypoglycemia, t1dm/treating-hypoglycemia, t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia, t1dm/regime, t1dm/stages, calculators/egfr-children, cgms/technology — Before: several pages said only that medical help is called or that the situation requires medical assessment, without saying whom to call and how quickly. Now: emergency services are called, for example after a seizure, if there is no glucagon at hand or if blood glucose stays low after three rounds. In other situations you contact your care team, for example the same day after severe hypoglycemia in a young child. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 27, 2026 · t1dm/isf, t1dm/treating-severe-hypoglycemia — Before: corrections were to be avoided when you cannot monitor your blood glucose or are alone. A conclusion said that insulin is never given to a patient who feels unwell, without saying by whom. Now: in these situations you make more cautious corrections, with smaller doses agreed in advance with your medical team. People nearby never give insulin to a patient with diabetes who feels unwell. Source: Laffel L, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000;29(4):707-723 (PMID 11149158), Yale JF et al., Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19(7):423-432 (PMID 28556672) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 27, 2026 · medical-disclaimer — Before: among the situations in which you seek help immediately was deliberately manipulating your insulin doses to lose weight. Now: deliberately skipping or reducing your insulin doses to lose weight. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450) and Goddard G, Oxlad M, Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185:109783 (PMID 35183646).
• October 29, 2026 · calculators/phq-9, calculators/gad-7 — Before: on the Romanian pages, the questions and answer options were an in-house translation, different from the validated Romanian translation of the questionnaires. Now: every language version uses the validated wording of the questionnaires, and the scoring and thresholds are unchanged. Source: PHQ-9 and GAD-7, validated Romanian translation (Pfizer, Romanian for Romania).
• October 29, 2026 · calculators/findrisc — Before: question 6 asked whether you currently take blood pressure medication, and question 8 only asked whether someone in your family has diabetes. Now: question 6 asks whether you have ever regularly taken such medication, and question 8 whether a family member has been diagnosed with diabetes. This is the wording of the validated questionnaire, and the scores are unchanged. Source: Lindström J, Tuomilehto J, Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):725-731 (PMID 12610029).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/fiber-polyols, t1dm/carb-counting, t1dm/low-carb-lunch, t1dm/regime, t1dm/icr — Before: for labels from the US and Canada, the figure and several pages subtracted all the fiber from the carbohydrates. Now: from these labels you subtract half the fiber when it exceeds 5 g, while on European Union labels fiber is not included in the carbohydrate line. Source: Korczak R, Slavin JL, Nutr Rev. 2020;78(Suppl 1):6-12 (PMID 32728750) and Englyst KN, Englyst HN, Br J Nutr. 2005;94(1):1-11 (PMID 16115326).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/icr — Before: after the correction of October 5, 2026, the header statistic still said +50% more insulin in the morning for the dawn phenomenon. Now: the statistic says that about 1 in 2 people have the dawn phenomenon, as in the body of the page. Source: Ostrovski I et al., Can J Diabetes. 2020;44(3):229-235 (PMID 31630987).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/incidence — Before: most new cases of type 1 diabetes were described as diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. Now: the highest incidence rates are in childhood and adolescence, but most new cases occur in adults. Source: Gregory GA et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(10):741-760 (PMID 36113507).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/stages, t1dm/testing, t1dm/autoimmunity — Before: TrialNet was listed among the general-population screening programs in the United States. Now: TrialNet tests relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, in the US and other countries, while the population programs in the US are ASK and CASCADE. Source: TrialNet, trialnet.org/participate (accessed October 28, 2026).
• October 29, 2026 · cgms/lifespan, cgms/implantable-principle — Before: the enzyme in transcutaneous sensors was described as being gradually used up or depleted. Now: the enzyme gradually loses its activity, so the signal becomes less accurate. Source: Bankar SB et al., Biotechnol Adv. 2009;27(4):489-501 (PMID 19374943) and Vaddiraju S et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010;4(6):1540-1562 (PMID 21129353).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: sucralose was presented as heat-stable and suitable for baking. Now: sucralose is best avoided in baking, because chlorinated compounds can form at high temperatures. Source: EFSA FAF Panel, EFSA J. 2026;24(2):e9854 (PMID 41710869).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/vitamin-d — Before: the upper intake limits were those used in the US, for example 1500 IU/day at 6–12 months and 2500–3000 IU/day at 1–8 years. Now: the limits are those set by EFSA, that is 1000 IU/day under 6 months, 1400 IU/day at 6–12 months, 2000 IU/day at 1–10 years and 4000 IU/day from 11. They concern long-term intake, and your doctor's advice takes precedence. Source: EFSA NDA Panel, EFSA J. 2018;16(8):e05365 (PMID 32626014) and EFSA NDA Panel, EFSA J. 2023;21(8):e08145 (PMID 37560437).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/regime — Before: the acceptable daily intake of sweeteners was described as very hard to exceed, and stevia as having no aftertaste. Now: the acceptable daily intake of erythritol is 0.5 g/kg of body weight, and children and adolescents who often eat products with erythritol can exceed it. In large amounts, erythritol can cause bloating and diarrhea. Some stevia products can leave a slightly bitter aftertaste. Source: EFSA FAF Panel, EFSA J. 2023;21(12):e8430 (PMID 38125972) and Tian X et al., Food Res Int. 2021;151:110848 (PMID 34980386).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-breakfast — Before: cinnamon was suggested for flavor, with no note on the type. Now: if you use it every day, Ceylon cinnamon is preferable, because cassia cinnamon contains a lot of coumarin. Source: Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Presseinformation 26/2012.
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/injection — Before: the wording could be read as if NPH insulin did not need mixing either. Now: analogs do not need mixing, unlike NPH. An NPH pen is gently tipped at least 20 times before each injection, otherwise the injected dose can vary widely. Source: Jehle PM et al., Lancet. 1999;354(9190):1604-1607 (PMID 10560676).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: the long-term prognosis of adult-onset type 1 diabetes could approach that of the general population. Now: early diagnosis, insulin from diagnosis and control of risk factors can prevent later complications. Source: Buzzetti R et al., Diabetes. 2020;69(10):2037-2047 (PMID 32847960).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/infections — Before: the conclusion about enteroviruses in the pancreas of newly diagnosed patients cited an antiviral treatment trial that did not support the statement. Now: the conclusion cites the study that found enteroviruses in the pancreatic islets of newly diagnosed patients. Source: Krogvold L et al., Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1682-1687 (PMID 25422108).
• October 29, 2026 · pumps/continuous-infusion — Before: HbA1c was defined as the average blood glucose over the last few months. Now: HbA1c is the average blood glucose over the last 2–3 months, as on the rest of the site. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149 (PMID 41358894).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia, t1dm/regime — Before: the risk of hypoglycemia after alcohol lasted 24 hours or up to 24 hours after drinking, with no clear starting point. Now: the risk lasts up to 24 hours after the last drink. Source: Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450) and Tetzschner R et al., Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(3):e2965 (PMID 29135074).
• October 29, 2026 · t2dm/causes — Before: the risk of type 2 diabetes with one affected parent was 3 times higher, in the list and in the figure. Now: the risk is 2–3 times higher, as in the body of the page. Source: Sami A et al., Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17(1):185 (PMID 40452079).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/evolution — Before: the figure said that the honeymoon period begins 1–2 weeks after onset. Now: the honeymoon period usually begins 1–2 weeks after onset, and at the latest two months after it. Source: Nwosu BU, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1462249 (PMID 40309446).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/what-is, t1dm/distinction, t1dm/testing — Before: IA-2A autoantibodies were called tyrosine phosphatase 2, as if they were the enzyme itself. Now: they are antibodies against islet antigen 2, also known as anti-tyrosine phosphatase antibodies. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S27-S49 (PMID 41358893).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/insulins — Before: the rapid-acting analog reached its peak effect in 1–2 hours. Now: the peak effect comes at 1–3 hours, as in the figure on the page. Source: De Block CEM et al., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24 Suppl 1:63-74 (PMID 35403348).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/hypoglycemia-risk-factors — Before: glycemic targets were said to relax with age. Now: in older adults with other illnesses or frailty, less strict glycemic targets are chosen. Source: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1):S277-S296 (PMID 41358888) and Holt RIG et al., Diabetologia. 2026 Sep 16, online ahead of print (PMID 42747450).
• October 29, 2026 · cgms/lifespan — Before: every sensor was said to have a short warm-up period. Now: the warm-up is short for a transcutaneous sensor, while for the implantable sensor it lasts a full day. Source: Senseonics, Eversense 365 CGM, 2024 (Rev. 2).
• October 29, 2026 · calculators/body-fat — Before: the text did not say which range exactly 25% in men and 35% in women fall into. Now: the obesity range starts at 25% in men and above 35% in women, as in the calculator. Source: Romero-Corral A et al., Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(6):959-966 (PMID 18283284).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/low-carb-lunch — Before: the alternative to the slice of bread was 100 g of boiled potatoes, with 15–17 g of carbohydrate. The page on foods, however, gives about 20 g per 100 g. Now: the alternative is a 75 g portion of boiled potatoes, with about 15 g of carbohydrate, the same as a 30 g slice of bread. Source: Parallel audit of the translations, October 19–20, 2026.
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/autoimmune-diseases — Before: all autoimmune diseases associated with type 1 diabetes were described as being screened for regularly. Now: some of them, especially thyroid diseases and celiac disease, are screened for regularly, even without symptoms. Source: Kahaly GJ et al., Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(1):e70119 (PMID 41317333).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/lada — Before: the peak was placed in the fourth and fifth decades of life, which means ages 30–49, although the sentence then spoke of 40 and 50. Now: the peak is around the ages of 40 and 50. Source: Lundholm MD, Zhou K, Cleve Clin J Med. 2025;92(12):757-763 (PMID 41326180).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/support — Before: the header statistic gave 2–3 years of delay with teplizumab, although the page discusses teplizumab after diagnosis. Now: the statistic gives 10–40% functional beta cells at diagnosis, as in the page's conclusion. Source: Chen C et al., Mol Metab. 2017;6(9):943-957 (PMID 28951820) and Leighton E et al., Diabetes Ther. 2017;8(3):475-487 (PMID 28484968).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/stress — Before: before diagnosis, a good part of the beta cells could already be destroyed, while the header gave 60–90% with no source in the text. Now: before symptoms appear, 60–90% of the beta cells may already be destroyed, with the source cited. Source: Chen C et al., Mol Metab. 2017;6(9):943-957 (PMID 28951820).
• October 29, 2026 · t1dm/insulins, t1dm/schemes, t1dm/remission — Before: the screen-reader text of three figures did not match their tables. Regular human insulin started within 30 minutes, the rapid analog ended after 4–5 hours, and the dose fell below 0.5 in the first month. Now: the text follows each figure's table. Regular insulin starts in 30–60 minutes, the rapid analog ends after 3–5 hours, and the dose reaches 0.5 U/kg/day in the first month. Source: Rolla A, Am J Med. 2008;121(6 Suppl):S9-S19 (PMID 18514090), Vliebergh J et al., Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021;28(1):1-7 (PMID 33315628) and Abdul-Rasoul M et al., Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7(2):101-107 (PMID 16629716).
• October 29, 2026 · calculators/unit-converter — Before: mg/dL was described as used in the United States and a few other countries, and SI units in most of Europe. Now: mg/dL is also used in many countries in continental Europe, Latin America and Asia. SI units are used in the United Kingdom, northern Europe, Canada and Australia. Source: Parallel audit of the translations, October 19–20, 2026.