Type 1 diabetes epidemiology

Type 1 diabetes commonly occurs in children and young people, but can also occur in adults at any age.

How often type 1 diabetes occurs

What is type 1 diabetes Incidence of type 1 diabetes Mortality in type 1 diabetes

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes

Genetic inheritance Perinatal factors Viral and bacterial infections Nutritional factors Excess weight Vitamin D Stress Gut microbiome Other environmental factors

Diagnosis and staging

How type 1 diabetes is diagnosed and what its stages of progression are.

Type 1 diabetes diagnosis

Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes Onset of type 1 diabetes T1DM onset with ketoacidosis Psychological impact of T1DM onset LADA-type diabetes Differences from other types of diabetes Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Stages of progression of type 1 diabetes

Preclinical stages and screening Partial remission (honeymoon phase) Preserving remaining beta cell function Long-term progression of type 1 diabetes

Autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes

Autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes can be humoral (autoantibodies) or cellular (T lymphocytes).

Autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes-specific autoantibodies Spreading of the autoimmune response in T1DM Testing for type 1 diabetes-specific autoantibodies Molecular mimicry in T1DM

Cellular autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes

The autoimmune process and beta cell destruction Insulitis in T1DM Relapse after remission in T1DM Autoimmune diseases associated with type 1 diabetes

In expansion

Hypoglycemia

How to recognize a blood glucose that is too low, what to do in the first minutes, when you need help and how to prevent it in everyday life.

Recognizing and treating hypoglycemia

What hypoglycemia is and how to recognize it Why hypoglycemia happens Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia Confirming hypoglycemia Treating mild hypoglycemia What to eat in a low Severe hypoglycemia Treating severe hypoglycemia What to do after hypoglycemia Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia

Preventing hypoglycemia in everyday life

Risk factors for hypoglycemia Adjusting insulin doses to prevent hypoglycemia Meals and hypoglycemia Exercise and hypoglycemia Nocturnal hypoglycemia

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates in food are what set the insulin dose for each meal.

How carbohydrates are counted

Why we count carbohydrates Foods that contain carbohydrates Carbohydrate grams and portions How to read the nutrition label Weighing food Estimating portions Fiber and polyols Home-cooked recipes Eating out

Practical examples of small meals

A meal under 30 g of carbohydrates Breakfast under 30 g of carbohydrates Lunch under 30 g of carbohydrates Dinner under 30 g of carbohydrates Snacks under 15 g of carbohydrate

Technology in diabetes

Glucose sensors and insulin pumps now each have a dedicated section.

Glucose sensors

Continuous glucose monitoring: how sensors work, types, prescription and practical use.

See glucose sensors

Insulin pumps

Delivering insulin with a pump: technology, function and automated systems paired with the sensor.

See insulin pumps

Insulin

Insulin is the core treatment of type 1 diabetes: the available types, treatment regimens, injection technique and dose adjustment.

Insulin basics

Available insulin types Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio Insulin sensitivity factor

Insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes

Insulin treatment regimens Insulin injection technique

Type 1 diabetes care

Type 1 diabetes care involves glucose monitoring, correct insulin dosing, diet and physical activity.

Non-insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes

Diet Physical activity Psychological impact

Type 1 diabetes: causes, diagnosis and treatment